TAILR’S GLOSSARY OF TERMS

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100% Inspection – Quality control method where every unit in a batch is inspected, as opposed to sampling-based inspection.

1920s Flapper Style – Straight-cut dresses, fringe, and shorter hemlines symbolising women’s liberation and Jazz Age fashion.

1940s Utility Wear – Practical, ration-conscious garments influenced by World War II restrictions.

1950s New Look – Dior’s postwar style defined by cinched waists, voluminous skirts, and hyper-feminine silhouettes.

1960s Mod – London-inspired youth style featuring bold prints, mini skirts, and clean geometric lines.

1970s Bohemian (Boho) – Free-spirited style characterised by flowing silhouettes, natural fabrics, and ethnic-inspired patterns.

1980s Power Dressing – Corporate fashion trend with structured suits, bold colours, and padded shoulders.

1990s Minimalism – Pared-down fashion emphasising clean lines, neutral palettes, and simplicity.

3D Body Scanning – Technology capturing precise digital body measurements to improve garment fit and sizing.

3D CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – Digital design software used to create 2D/3D garment patterns, simulate fit, visualise prototypes, and generate technical drawings.

3D Digital Twins – Virtual garment replicas used for prototyping, visualisation, and fit testing.

3D Fashion Design – Creation of virtual garment prototypes on digital avatars, reducing physical sampling and accelerating approvals.

3D Knitting / WholeGarment® – Advanced seamless knitting technology producing customisable garments directly from yarn, minimising waste.

3D Knitting Machines – Computerised machines that automate seamless knitwear production.

3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing) – Layer-by-layer manufacturing technique for producing garments, footwear, trims, and prototypes from digital models.

3D Virtual Sampling – Use of 3D tools to generate lifelike digital garment prototypes, reducing the need for physical samples.

3PL (Third-Party Logistics) – Outsourced logistics provider handling warehousing, storage, transportation, and order fulfilment.

4-Point System – International fabric inspection method assigning demerit points to defects to determine fabric acceptance.

4PL (Fourth-Party Logistics) – Supply chain integrators managing entire logistics solutions, often coordinating multiple 3PL providers.

5S Methodology – Lean workplace organisation framework: Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardise, Sustain.

Six Sigma (6σ) – Process improvement methodology targeting defect reduction using the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control) cycle.

80/20 Rule (Pareto Principle in Retail) – Retail principle where ~80% of sales typically come from ~20% of products or customers.

A

A-Line Dress – A dress style fitted at the shoulders or waist and gradually flaring to the hem, forming an “A” silhouette.

A-Line Skirt – A skirt fitted at the waist and widening toward the hem, resembling the letter “A.”

A/B Testing – Comparing two versions of a webpage, app, or feature to determine which performs better.

A/H (Armhole) – The garment opening for the arm, critical for fit and mobility.

AAFA (American Apparel & Footwear Association) – U.S. trade body representing apparel and footwear companies, shaping compliance, labelling, and trade standards.

AAFA AFIRM Chemical Safety Certificate (RSL Framework) – Restricted Substances List framework developed by global brands under the AAFA.

AAFA RSL Chemical Safety – The official Restricted Substances List (RSL) issued by the American Apparel & Footwear Association through the AFIRM Group.

AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemists & Colourists) – Organisation publishing widely used textile test methods for colorfastness and performance.

ABA Compost Certification – Australian certification verifying packaging materials as compostable in industrial and/or home environments.

ABC Analysis – Inventory categorisation method ranking items by importance (A = high value, C = low value).

Above Knee – Garment or skirt hemline finishing just above the knee.

Abrasion Resistance – A fabric’s ability to withstand surface wear caused by friction or rubbing.

Abrasion Tester (Martindale, Wyzenbeek) – Equipment used to assess fabric wear resistance.

Absenteeism (HR Metric) – Frequency of employee absence from scheduled work, used to track workforce performance.

Absorption Costing – Costing method allocating all direct and indirect production costs into a product’s total cost.

Accelerators – Short-term, intensive programs supporting rapid scaling of fashion or tech ventures with mentorship and investor backing.

Acceptable Quality Limit (AQL) – The maximum defect rate tolerated in a batch, based on sampling inspection standards.

Accessories – Non-apparel items (belts, bags, zippers, jewellery, trims) that complement garments.

Acetate – A manufactured fibre derived from cellulose acetate, known for silk-like lustre, drape, and shrink resistance.

Acid Dyes – Dyes primarily used for protein fibres like wool and silk.

Acid Wash – Denim finishing process producing a mottled, worn effect.

Acrylic – A synthetic fibre made from acrylonitrile polymers, lightweight, warm, and often used as a wool substitute.

Activity-Based Costing (ABC) – Costing method assigning expenses based on actual resource usage in production.

Adaptive Clothing – Garments designed for accessibility and ease of use, often featuring magnetic fasteners, wide openings, or other adaptive features.

Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) – Layer-by-layer manufacturing technique used to produce garments, trims, or fabrics from digital models.

Adhesive Lamination – Process of bonding fabric layers with adhesives to add performance properties such as waterproofing.

Advance Shipping Notice (ASN) – Pre-alert with shipment details sent by suppliers to enable faster receipt and inventory planning.

Affiliate Marketing – Sales-driven promotion model where partners earn commissions per transaction.

AfCFTA (African Continental Free Trade Area) – Trade bloc aimed at boosting African textile and fashion industries.

African Fashion – Encompasses rich textile traditions (e.g., Ankara, Kente) and the growing global influence of contemporary African designers.

After-Sales Service – Customer support offered post-purchase, covering repairs, adjustments, or replacements.

Aftercare Concierge – Premium services like dry cleaning, repairs, and garment storage offered by brands.

Agent / Buying House – Third-party intermediary arranging sourcing and distribution between brand and factory.

Agile Manufacturing – Flexible, responsive production approach adapting quickly to demand changes.

Agile Product Development – Iterative design and prototyping cycle to speed innovation.

Agile Supply Chain – Supply model emphasising speed and flexibility in response to market shifts.

Agile Work Practices – Iterative, flexible project methods adapted from tech into fashion workflows.

Agility & Flexibility – Ability of brands to pivot designs, sourcing, or sales channels rapidly.

Aglet – The small sheath at the end of a shoelace that prevents fraying.

AI (Artificial Intelligence) – Use of algorithms and machine learning to forecast trends, detect defects, optimise supply chains, and personalise retail experiences.

AI Chatbots & Assistants – Automated conversational tools supporting customer service and shopping.

AI Personalisation Engines – Algorithms tailoring product recommendations to individual consumers.

AI-Driven Forecasting – Machine learning models predicting fashion demand, colours, or trends.

AI-Driven Production Scheduling – Algorithms optimising factory workflow and efficiency.

AI-Enhanced Quality Control (QC) – Machine vision systems for real-time defect detection.

AI-Powered Recommendations – Algorithms suggesting products based on browsing and purchase history.

Air Waybill (AWB) – Transport document issued by carriers for air freight shipments.

Air-Spun Yarn/Fabrics – Fibres twisted or constructed using air jets, creating lightweight, soft fabrics with loft and warmth.

Algae-Based Fibres – Innovative fibres developed using algae biomass for sustainable textiles.

Algorithmic Aesthetics – Fashion and design trends shaped by algorithm-driven social media exposure favouring viral visuals.

All-Over Print (AOP) – Printing technique covering the entire garment or fabric width.

Allowance (Seam/Pattern) – Extra fabric added for sewing seams, ease, or design adjustments.

Alpha Sizing – Garment sizing system using letters (XS–XL) instead of numerical measurements.

American Fashion – Sportswear-led aesthetic emphasising denim, casual wear, and commercial-driven design.

Amfori BSCI (Business Social Compliance Initiative) – Global supply chain social compliance program aimed at improving labor standards.

Anchoring Effect – Cognitive bias where consumers rely heavily on the first price or product they encounter.

ANDAM Fashion Award – Prestigious French award supporting independent designers.

Andon System – Factory-floor alert mechanism (light, sound, or cord) that signals production or quality issues in real time.

Androgynous Fashion – Clothing intentionally blending traditionally masculine and feminine elements.

Angora – Fine, soft fibre from Angora rabbits, valued for its warmth, softness, and halo effect.

Aniline Leather – Leather dyed with soluble dyes that preserve the natural surface and markings.

Ankle Length – Garment hemline finishing at or just above the ankle.

Anorak – A hooded, weather-resistant jacket, often with drawstrings and a pullover or half-zip style.

ANSI/ASQ Z1.4 / ISO 2859 – International standards defining sampling procedures used for inspection and AQL testing.

Anthropology of Dress – The study of cultural and social meanings of clothing across societies.

Anthropometrics – Study of human body measurements applied to garment sizing and fit systems.

Antimicrobial Finish – Fabric treatment (chemical or natural) applied to resist bacteria, odour, and mould growth.

Apple Leather – Alternative material made from apple processing waste, used as a vegan leather substitute.

Appliqué – Decorative technique where fabric pieces are sewn onto a base fabric to create patterns or motifs.

Apprenticeships & Internships – Work-based training programs providing skill development for students or entry-level talent.

Approval Process – Multi-step validation of design, fit, and quality before mass production.

Approved Standard (Gold/Red Seal) – Reference sample approved as the benchmark for production.

Approved Vendor List (AVL) – Curated list of factories authorised by a brand to manufacture products.

AR (Augmented Reality) – Technology overlaying digital visuals into real environments for design visualisation and retail try-ons.

AR Fitting / Virtual Try-On – Augmented reality tools (apps, mirrors) simulating garments on customers.

AR/VR Retail Displays – Immersive digital elements used in stores to enhance product exploration.

Armhole Darts – Darts extending from the armhole toward the bust or waist to add shaping.

Artist & Fashion Partnerships – Collaborations between fashion brands and artists, musicians, or cultural figures.

ASEAN Textile Market – Southeast Asian trade bloc influencing apparel sourcing and regional competitiveness.

Asian Fashion – Regional fashion influences including K-Fashion (Korea), J-Fashion (Japan), and modern reinterpretations of traditional Chinese attire.

Aspirational Purchasing – Consumer behaviour of buying occasional premium or luxury goods despite belonging to lower income tiers.

Assembly Line Production – Sequential workflow where each worker performs a specific operation, moving garments station to station.

Assurance Statement – Independent confirmation verifying that sustainability or ESG data is accurate and reliable.

ASTM (American Society for Testing & Materials) – Standards organisation publishing test methods for textiles and materials.

ASTM D6400 – Standard for labelling plastics as compostable in municipal/industrial composting facilities.

ASTM D6868 – Standard for biodegradable coatings applied to compostable packaging materials.

ASTM Standards – Collection of technical standards defining material performance and testing procedures.

Asymmetric Neckline – Uneven neckline design, often one-shoulder or diagonally cut for asymmetry.

Asymmetrical Hem – Hemline intentionally cut uneven or angled, creating visual imbalance.

Asymmetrical Skirt – Skirt with an uneven hemline, longer on one side or in panels.

ATS (Available to Sell) – Quantity of stock immediately available for sale.

Attached Hood – A hood permanently sewn into the neckline of a jacket or coat.

Audit – On-site evaluation of factory practices covering social, environmental, or quality standards.

Audit Pass Rate – Percentage of factories or suppliers passing compliance audits.

Auto-Grading – Software process scaling a base pattern into multiple sizes.

Automated Cutting Systems – Precision cutting technologies (laser, waterjet, CNC) replacing manual methods.

Automated Pressing & Finishing Units – Machines automating ironing, folding, and packaging tasks.

Automation & Robotics – Use of machines, robots, or AI to replace or augment manual work in production.

Autonomous Delivery Drones/Vehicles – Emerging last-mile delivery solutions using autonomous technology.

Avatar (Digital) – Parametric 3D body model used in virtual fit testing and simulation.

Average Order Value (AOV) – Average spend per customer transaction.

Average Transaction Value (ATV) – Average amount a customer spends per purchase; often used interchangeably with AOV.

B

B2B / B2C – Business-to-business and business-to-consumer commercial models.

BA (Bachelor of Arts) in Fashion Studies – Undergraduate degree covering fashion design, history, theory, and culture.

Back Order – Order placed for out-of-stock items to be shipped later.

Backpack – Bag with two shoulder straps worn on the back.

Backstitch – Reverse stitch used to secure seam ends and add strength.

Baggy – Oversized, loose silhouette with extra ease throughout the garment.

Ball Fringe – Trim featuring hanging spherical pompoms for a playful effect.

Ball Gown – Formal, floor-length dress with a fitted bodice and very full skirt.

Balloon Skirt – Voluminous skirt gathered or tucked at the hem to create a rounded shape.

Balloon Sleeve – Sleeve gathered at shoulder and wrist for a puffed, rounded silhouette.

Bamboo Fibre – Regenerated cellulose fibre derived from bamboo plants.

Banded Hem – Hem finished with an added fabric band for weight, contrast, or structure.

Bar Tack – Dense stitches reinforcing stress points (e.g., pocket corners); done manually or via a bar-tack machine.

Barcode / RFID Systems – Technologies to track garments and components through production and retail.

Basic Back Neckline – Standard, simple back-neck shape on a garment.

Basic Seam – Standard seam joining two fabric pieces along their edges.

Basket Size – Total items or total value per customer checkout.

Basketweave – Variation of plain weave where groups of yarns interlace to form a checkerboard effect.

Basque Waistline – V- or U-shaped waistline extending below the natural waist, elongating the torso.

Batch Production – Producing garments in groups/lots rather than continuous flow.

Batch/Lot Number – Identifier used to trace production batches.

Batwing Sleeve – Sleeve cut very deep at the armhole and tapering to the wrist, wing-like.

Beacon Technology – In-store Bluetooth devices sending location-based messages to smartphones.

Beading – Decorative beads stitched onto fabric for embellishment.

Beanie – Close-fitting knitted cap.

Bedford Cord – Durable woven fabric with longitudinal ribs, akin to corduroy without cut pile.

Bell Sleeve – Sleeve that flares toward the wrist, bell-shaped.

Below Knee – Hemline finishing just below the knee.

Belt – Strap (fabric/leather/synthetic) worn at the waist for function or style.

Belt Loops – Small loops on a waistband that hold a belt.

Belted Waist – Waistline defined with an attached or separate belt.

Belted Waist Jacket – Jacket featuring a belt for adjustable fit and styling.

Benchmarking – Comparing performance to standards or competitors to identify gaps.

Berber – Textured knit or woven fabric with looped/nubby surface, inspired by North African textiles.

Beret – Soft, round, flat-crowned cap.

Better Cotton (BC) – Program promoting more sustainable cotton farming and traceability.

BFA (Bachelor of Fine Arts) – Undergraduate degree focused on creative practice (e.g., fashion design).

BI (Business Intelligence) – Data analysis used to monitor KPIs and drive decisions.

Bias Binding – Bias-cut fabric strip used to bind and finish edges.

Bias Cut – Cutting fabric at 45° to the grain for increased drape and stretch.

Bias-Cut Skirt – Skirt cut on the bias for fluid drape and natural stretch.

Big Data – Large, complex datasets used for trend, supply-chain, and customer insights.

Big Data Analytics – Applying analytics to big data to forecast trends, optimise supply chains, and personalise marketing.

Biker Jacket – Short leather jacket associated with motorcycle culture and rebellion.

Bill of Lading (B/L) – Maritime shipping document serving as receipt and title to goods.

Bill of Materials (BOM) – Complete list of fabrics, trims, and components needed to make a product.

Bill of Operations (BOO) – Ordered list of operations with time and resource requirements.

Bill of Process (BOP) – Document outlining process sequence, parameters, and QC requirements.

Bio Polish – Enzymatic finish removing fuzz/pilling for a smoother, cleaner fabric surface.

Bio-Based Fibre – Fibre derived from renewable biological sources.

Bio-Based Finishes – Finishes made from renewable sources (e.g., plant oils, enzymes).

Bio-Based Textiles – Textiles produced from renewable plant or microbial sources.

Biodegradable – Material capable of breaking down naturally into non-toxic components.

Biodegradable Fibres – Fibres engineered to decompose under specific conditions (e.g., some bio-polyesters).

Biodegradable Polymers – Plastics designed to break down naturally (e.g., PLA).

Biodesign in Fashion – Using synthetic biology to engineer new fibres, dyes, or finishes.

Biofabrication – Creating materials using living cells or biomaterials (e.g., mycelium leather).

Biomaterials – Next-gen materials such as lab-grown leather, mycelium textiles, and algae-based fibres.

Bishop Sleeve – Long, full sleeve gathered into a fitted cuff at the wrist.

Blazer – Tailored jacket with lapels and structured shoulders.

Blazer Dress – Tailored dress styled like a long blazer, typically with lapels and buttons.

Blind Hem Stitch – Nearly invisible hem stitch that doesn’t show on the garment face.

Block (Pattern Block) – Base pattern used to develop multiple styles.

Block Printing – Hand technique using carved wooden blocks to print patterns on fabric.

Blockchain – Secure digital ledger used for authenticity, traceability, and anti-counterfeiting in fashion supply chains.

Blouse Dress – Dress with blouse-like bodice, typically looser and often button-front.

bluesign® – Certification ensuring safe chemical management and resource-efficient textile production.

bluesign® Input Stream Management – Approval of chemical inputs as safe for people and environment.

bluesign® System Partner – Certification recognising companies that adopt bluesign® standards across production.

BND (Back Neck Drop) – Measurement from high-shoulder point to the lowest back neckline.

BNPL (Buy Now, Pay Later) – Payment service allowing instalment purchases.

Boat Neck – Wide, shallow neckline running horizontally from shoulder to shoulder.

BOD/COD – Wastewater indicators (Biochemical/Chemical Oxygen Demand) monitored in wet processing.

Body Image Influence – How self-perception affects apparel preferences and fit choices.

Body Landmarks – Standard reference points (e.g., bust, waist, hip, inseam, armhole) for measuring.

Body Politics – Social and political meanings attached to body shape, size, and dress.

Bodycon Dress – Tight-fitting dress designed to hug body contours.

BOGO – “Buy One, Get One” promotional strategy.

Bomber Jacket – Waist-length jacket with ribbed cuffs/hem and a zip front.

Bonded Fabric – Multi-layer textile joined for strength, insulation, or performance.

Bonded Leather – Composite material made from leather scraps bonded with resins.

Booking – Securing factory capacity or placing fabric/factory orders.

Boots – Footwear covering the ankle or higher (e.g., ankle, knee-high, thigh-high).

BOPIS (Buy Online, Pick Up In Store) – Omnichannel service where online orders are collected in store.

BORIS (Buy Online, Return In Store) – Omnichannel service allowing e-commerce returns in physical stores.

Bouffant Dress – Dress with a dramatically full skirt, often supported by petticoats.

Bouffant Sleeve – Highly voluminous, exaggerated puff sleeve.

Bound Hem – Hem finished by enclosing the edge with binding.

Bound Seam – Seam whose raw edges are enclosed with binding for durability and a neat finish.

Boutique – Small, specialised retail shop with curated fashion.

Bows – Fabric tied or formed into loops as ornamental trim or fastening.

Box Pleat – Inverted pleat creating volume while appearing flat on the surface.

BPI Compostable Certification – U.S. certification verifying compostability (aligned with ASTM D6400/D6868).

Braid Trim – Woven/braided band used as edging or embellishment.

Brand Architecture – Structure of brands and sub-brands within a company.

Brand Attachment – Emotional bond between a consumer and a brand.

Brand Authenticity – Perception that a brand is genuine, transparent, and consistent.

Brand Equity – The added value a brand name contributes to a product.

Brand Licensing – Contract granting rights to use a brand’s IP on products.

Brand Manager – Role overseeing brand identity, positioning, and marketing.

Brand Switching – Consumers moving from one brand to a competitor.

Branded Content – Marketing content created to communicate brand story/identity.

Break-Even Analysis – Calculating sales volume required to cover all costs.

Breathability – Fabric’s ability to allow moisture vapour to pass through for comfort.

Breathable Membranes – Thin films (e.g., Gore-Tex®) allowing vapour release while blocking liquid water.

Bridge Line – Mid-priced collections positioned between luxury and mass market.

British Fashion Awards – Awards recognising achievements in fashion in the UK and globally.

British Fashion Council (BFC) – Organisation promoting British designers and fashion culture.

Broadcloth – Dense, smooth plain-weave (commonly cotton) fabric used for shirts.

Broken Twill – Twill variation where the diagonal line is interrupted to form chevrons/zigzags.

Brooch – Decorative pin fastened to clothing.

Brushed Finish – Finish raising surface fibres for a soft, fuzzy hand.

Brushing Machine – Machine that raises surface fibres to create softness or nap.

Brushing/Peaching/Sueding – Mechanical finishing processes that soften hand-feel.

BSCI (Business Social Compliance Initiative) – Social-compliance auditing program (also referred to as amfori BSCI).

Bubble (Texture) – Fabric surface with raised, bubble-like effects created by weave or finish.

Bucket Hat – Soft hat with downward-sloping brim.

Buckles – Frame-and-prong hardware used to fasten belts and straps.

Budgeting – Setting financial plans for design, sourcing, and production cycles.

Built-in Bra or Padding – Integrated support/padding within garments for shape and comfort.

Built-In Harness/Strap – Utility feature with functional straps for load carrying.

Bulk Production – Large-scale manufacturing after sample approvals.

Bulk Shade Standard – Approved production shade sample serving as reference for bulk lots.

Bullwhip Effect – Small retail demand shifts creating amplified swings upstream in the supply chain.

Bundling – Grouping cut garment pieces by size and colour for sewing.

Business Continuity Planning (BCP) – Framework to keep critical functions running during disruptions.

Butterfly Sleeve – Short, wide, flowing sleeve that drapes loosely over the upper arm.

Button – Small fastener (plastic, metal, shell, etc.) secured through a buttonhole/loop.

Button Closure – Fastening where buttons pass through buttonholes or loops.

Button Fly – Series of buttons used instead of a zipper at a fly opening.

Button Gauge/Line – Standard placement specification for buttons and buttonholes.

Button Waistband – Waistband secured with one or more buttons.

Button-Down Collar – Collar with tips fastened to the shirt by small buttons.

Buttonhole Machine – Specialised machine for sewing buttonholes.

C

Cable Knit – Raised, twisted knit pattern resembling braided ropes, common in sweaters.

Cactus Leather – Bio-based leather alternative derived from cactus plants.

CAD (Computer-Aided Design) – Digital software for fashion sketching, pattern creation, layout, and technical design.

Cage Code (Supplier ID) – Unique identifier for suppliers used in compliance systems.

Calendering – Finishing process passing fabric through heated rollers to smooth and add lustre.

California Proposition 65 Compliance – U.S. rule requiring warnings/disclosure for listed harmful chemicals in consumer goods.

CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) – Automation (e.g., cutters) that executes production from CAD data.

Camera Nazionale della Moda Italiana – Body representing the Italian fashion industry; oversees Milan Fashion Week.

CAP (Corrective Action Plan) – Documented plan to address audit or quality findings.

Cap Sleeve – Very short sleeve that just covers the shoulder.

Capacity (Factory) – Production capability, usually measured in units or minutes.

Capacity Bottlenecks – Constraints that limit production throughput and cause delays.

Capacity Planning – Matching factory capacity with forecasted demand.

Capex vs. Opex – Capital expenditures (equipment) versus operating expenses.

Capsule Collection – Small, versatile set of mix-and-match garments.

Carabiner Clip Attachment – Utility loop/feature designed to hold a carabiner or gear.

Carbon Footprint – Total GHG emissions across a product’s life cycle.

Carbon Intensity per Garment – GHG emissions attributable to a single product produced.

Carbon Neutral / Net Zero – State where emissions are minimised and any remainder is offset/removed.

Carbon-Capture Materials – Textiles made from captured CO₂ feedstocks.

Carbon-Neutral Fashion/Returns/Stores – Operations or activities whose net emissions are reduced and offset to zero.

Carbon-Tracking Platforms – Tools calculating and monitoring emissions per garment or process.

Care Label / Fibre Content Label / RN (US) / CA Number (Canada) – Mandatory labels for care, fibre content, and manufacturer ID.

Care Labelling (ISO 3758) – International standard for garment care symbols.

Cargo Pocket – Large, expandable patch pocket (often with flap) on pants/jackets.

Cargo Strap – Adjustable strap detail on cargo styles for load carry.

Carryover – Style retained into future seasons due to demand.

Carton Packing – Bulk packing of finished garments into cartons for shipment.

Cash Flow Management – Monitoring inflows/outflows to maintain liquidity.

Cash Flow Risk – Risk of insufficient liquidity to fund operations.

Cash in Advance (CIA) – Payment term where buyer pays before production/shipment.

Cashmere – Fine, soft fibre from the undercoat of cashmere goats.

CB/CF (Center Back/Center Front) – Garment reference lines for construction.

CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) – EU policy applying carbon costs to certain imports to encourage decarbonisation.

CEN Standards – European Committee for Standardisation norms for product performance/safety.

Central Saint Martins (CSM) – London design school known for influential fashion graduates.

CEO / Managing Director – Executive leading overall strategy and operations.

Certification (Textiles) – Third-party approvals (e.g., GOTS, OEKO-TEX®, bluesign®) for safety/sustainability.

CFDA (Council of Fashion Designers of America) – U.S. association supporting designers; issues industry awards and programs.

Change Management – Structured approach for adopting new processes/systems.

Channel Mix – Distribution of sales across wholesale, retail, and digital.

Chatbots & AI Service Agents – Automated systems handling inquiries, support, and returns.

Chemical Recycling – Converting textiles to base chemicals/monomers for new fibre production.

Cheongsam / Qipao – Traditional fitted Chinese dress.

Child Labor Prohibition – Ban on underage/hazardous child labor in supply chains.

Children’s Sizing – Size systems based on age, height, and/or weight.

Chin Guard – Soft zipper-top patch preventing chin irritation.

Chrome-Tanned Leather – Leather tanned with chromium salts (fast process; environmental controls required).

Churn Rate – Percentage of customers who stop purchasing/engaging over a period.

CIE Lab* – Colour space used for instrumental colour measurement.

CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight) – Incoterm where seller pays cost, insurance, and freight to destination port.

Cinch Belt – Wide belt accentuating the waist.

Circular Fashion – Design philosophy enabling reuse, repair, and recycling for closed-loop systems.

Circular Fibre Innovation – Next-gen fibre-to-fibre recycling technologies.

Circular Logistics – Reverse/return flows integrated with recycling, upcycling, and resale.

Circular Logistics Platforms – Systems coordinating forward and reverse flows for circularity.

Circular Store Fixtures – Recyclable/repurposed displays, hangers, or furniture.

Circularity Hubs – Networks enabling recycling, upcycling, and resale collaborations.

Circularity Index – Metric of the extent materials are reused, recycled, or regenerative.

CITES – Treaty controlling trade in endangered species (e.g., exotic leathers).

Clasp – Hinged/hook fastener used on jewellery/handbags.

Classic – Style remaining relevant over many years (e.g., trench coat).

Click-and-Collect (BOPIS) – Customers purchase online and pick up in store.

Clientelling – Associates use customer data/tools to provide tailored service.

Climate-Adaptive Apparel – Textiles/garments that adjust to environmental conditions.

Closed-Loop Fashion – Products designed for return and recycling within the system.

Closed-Loop Production – Manufacturing where materials are continuously reused/recycled.

Closed-Loop Recycling – Breaking down textiles for fibre reuse in new garments.

Clothing Rental – Model offering temporary garment access; extends product life.

Clothing-as-a-Service – Subscription/rental-based access to apparel instead of ownership.

CLP/GHS – Chemical classification and labelling regulations (EU/Globally Harmonised System).

Cluster Development – Geographic industry hubs (e.g., fashion districts, textile clusters).

Clutch – Small handheld bag without a strap.

CM (Cut & Make Cost) – Labor/factory costs to cut, sew, and finish garments.

CMC (l:c) – Colour-difference tolerance formula used in instrumental colour control.

CMT (Cut, Make, Trim) – Model where manufacturer provides labor/assembly; buyer supplies materials.

Co-Branding / Collaboration – Two brands partnering on joint products.

Coated Fabric – Textile with a PU/PVC or other film layer for protection or sheen.

Coating Machine – Equipment applying functional/chemical coatings to fabric.

COC (Chain of Custody) – Verified flow/control of certified materials through the supply chain.

Code of Conduct – Brand-required ethical standards for suppliers.

COGS (Cost of Goods Sold) – Direct costs of production recognised at sale.

Collaborative Forecasting – Sharing forecast data across partners for alignment.

Collaborative Robots (Cobots) – Robots designed to work safely alongside humans.

Collared Neckline – Neckline finished with a collar (e.g., point, spread, mandarin).

Collarless – Neckline finished with no collar.

Collective Bargaining & Buying – Smaller brands pooling demand to secure better terms.

Colour Forecasting – Anticipating seasonal colour palettes.

Colour Matching – Checking fabric/trim colour against standards/lab dips.

Colour Psychology – Study of how colours influence emotion and behaviour.

Colour-Changing Textiles – Fabrics that shift hue in response to stimuli (light, heat, chemicals).

Colorfastness – Resistance of colour to fading/bleeding/change under washing, rubbing, or light.

Colorfastness Tester – Equipment evaluating dye stability to light, washing, or rubbing.

Colour Approval (Lab Dip/Strike-Off) – Submission/approval of colour or print standards before bulk.

Colour-way – Specific colour combination of a style/product.

Community Platforms – Brand-run communities for sharing looks/feedback.

Community-Based Innovation – Local/grassroots collaborations leveraging artisan skills.

Compliance – Adherence to legal, ethical, and buyer standards.

Compostable – Material able to break down fully into organic matter in composting conditions.

Computer Vision in QC – Automated defect detection using imaging/AI.

Concept Store – Curated retail space blending fashion, lifestyle, and culture to express brand identity.

Concession Model – Brand-operated shop-in-shop within a retailer.

Concierge Shopping – High-touch service including home delivery, alterations, and personalised curation.

Conductive Fibres – Threads that carry electrical signals for e-textiles.

Connected Factories – Facilities with integrated data across machines/systems.

Conscious Consumerism – Purchasing that accounts for ethics, transparency, and sustainability.

Consideration Set – Shortlist of brands a shopper evaluates pre-purchase.

Consignment Inventory – Stock owned by supplier until sold by the retailer.

Consortiums – Multi-stakeholder alliances addressing shared challenges (e.g., traceability).

Conspicuous Consumption – Luxury purchasing to signal wealth/status.

Consumer Behaviour & Retail Studies – Analysis of how and why consumers buy fashion.

Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) – Indicator of consumer optimism impacting discretionary spend.

Consumer Insight Research – Studying attitudes/behaviour to predict demand.

Contemporary Market – Mid-tier brands balancing quality and trend.

Content Creator – Person producing digital media for social platforms.

Control Chart – Statistical tool monitoring process stability/variation.

Conversion Rate – Percentage of visitors who complete a purchase.

Conversion Rate Optimisation (CRO) – Methods to increase the share of visitors who purchase.

Convertible Garment – Clothing designed to transform function (e.g., zip-off pants to shorts).

Conveyor System – Mechanised belts transporting materials on factory floors.

COO (Country of Origin) / Labelling – Legal declaration of manufacturing origin for labelling, duty, and trade.

Coolhunting – Field research spotting emerging cultural/fashion trends.

COP (Cut Order Plan) – Plan allocating fabric lots by shade/shrinkage to cutting.

Copyright – Legal protection for original creative works (e.g., prints).

Cord Trim – Decorative cord applied along seams/edges.

Corduroy – Cut-pile fabric with raised parallel ribs (wales).

Core Product – Perennial style with steady sales.

Core-Spun Yarn – Yarn with an elastic or other core wrapped by another fibre.

Corrective Action Plan (CAP) – Structured response from a supplier to address defects/non-conformities.

Corset Lacing – Lacing with eyelets/grommets designed to cinch for shaping.

Cost Recovery – Recouping investments over production runs.

Cost-to-Serve – Total cost of handling returns and after-sales service.

Costing Sheet – Document outlining material, labor, overhead, and logistics costs.

Costume Designer – Designer creating garments for film/theatre/TV.

Costume Jewellery – Fashion jewellery made from non-precious materials.

Counter-Culture Fashion – Styles rejecting mainstream norms, often political/social.

Counterfeiting / IP Theft – Unauthorised reproduction harming brand equity.

Cover-stitch – Stitch forming parallel lines on face and looped coverage on back; common in knit hems.

Cover-stitch Machine – Machine that produces cover-stitch seams/hemming.

Cowl Collar – Draped neckline with soft folds around the collar area.

CPC/CPSIA – U.S. children’s product safety rules (incl. flammability standards 16 CFR 1610/1615/1616).

CPSIA (Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act) – U.S. law setting limits/testing for children’s products (e.g., lead, phthalates).

Cradle to Cradle Certified™ – Certification assessing circularity, material health, and recyclability.

Cradle-to-Cradle Design – Designing apparel for full reuse or safe biodegradation.

Creative Director – Leader defining brand/collection creative vision.

Credit Risk – Risk of buyer/retailer non-payment.

Crinkled Finish – Intentional puckered/wrinkled texture.

Crisis Lead Time – Speed of organisational response to disruption.

Crisis Management Team – Cross-functional group activated during emergencies.

Critical Defect – Serious flaw making a product unsafe or unusable.

Critical Path (CPM) – Longest chain of dependent tasks dictating minimum project duration.

CRM (Customer Relationship Management) – Systems managing customer data, loyalty, and engagement.

Crochet Trim – Crochet edging used as ornamental finish.

Crocking – Colour transfer by rubbing (tested in dry/wet states).

Cross Dyeing – Dyeing different fibres in a blend to contrasting shades.

Cross-Border Payments – Solutions enabling international e-commerce transactions.

Cross-Docking – Moving goods directly from inbound to outbound with minimal/no storage.

Cross-Functional Teams – Teams spanning functions (design, sourcing, marketing) to solve problems.

Cross-Industry Knowledge Transfer – Applying know-how from other sectors (e.g., biotech) to fashion.

Cross-Sector Partnerships – Collaborations between fashion and other industries (tech, auto, biotech).

Cross-Training – Preparing employees to perform multiple roles/tasks.

Crossbody Bag – Bag with long strap worn across the body.

CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) – Company initiatives on ethics, sustainability, and community impact.

CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) – EU directive expanding sustainability reporting requirements.

CTPAT – U.S. supply-chain security program enhancing cargo security.

Cube Utilisation (Carton/Pallet) – Optimising carton/pallet space to cut freight cost/damage.

Cuff Bracelet – Wide, rigid bracelet.

Cuff Strap (Adjuster Strap) – Strap and buckle/button used to tighten sleeve cuffs.

Cultural Appreciation – Respectful collaboration/adoption of cultural fashion traditions.

Cultural Appropriation – Use of cultural dress/motifs without acknowledgment/respect.

Cultural Capital – Social prestige from fashion knowledge and taste.

Cultural Competency – Skills enabling effective work across cultures.

Cultural Exchange Projects – Partnerships blending traditional craftsmanship with fashion houses.

Cultural Hybridity – Mixing local and global styles into new aesthetics.

Cultural Zeitgeist – Spirit of the time influencing fashion.

Currency Fluctuation Risk / Currency Risk – Exposure to exchange-rate changes impacting costs/profitability.

Custom Tailoring – Individual garment adjustments for personalised fit.

Customer Effort Score (CES) – Metric of how easy it is for a customer to complete a task.

Customer Experience (CX) – Overall impression across all brand interactions.

Customer Journey – Path from awareness to purchase and post-purchase.

Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) – Total projected revenue from a customer over the relationship.

Customer Loyalty Programs – Incentives encouraging repeat purchases.

Customer Satisfaction (CSAT) – Rating of satisfaction with a specific interaction/experience.

Customer Segmentation – Grouping customers by behaviour/demographics for targeting.

Cut-to-Pack – Workflow moving cut pieces directly into packing to reduce handling.

Cuttable Width – Usable fabric width excluding selvedge.

Cutting Room – Department handling fabric spreading and cutting.

Cutting Table – Large table for spreading/cutting fabric layers.

Cutting Ticket – Instruction linking orders, markers, and fabric allocation.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) – Integrated physical machines with digital control/feedback.

Cybersecurity Threats – Risks such as data breaches affecting consumer or supply-chain systems.

Cycle Stock – Regular inventory used for day-to-day sales.

Cycle Time (CT) – Actual time to complete a process step.

D

D-Ring Strap – Strap that threads through D-shaped rings for tightening/fastening.

D2C (Direct-to-Consumer) – Brand sells directly to end customers, bypassing wholesale (affects demand planning, fulfilment, returns).

D65 / TL84 / A (Standard Illuminants) – Controlled light sources for colour evaluation to manage metamerism and approvals.

Damask – Reversible patterned fabric created by contrasting weave structures (e.g., satin/sateen), not print.

DAP / DDP (Incoterms) – Delivered At Place / Delivered Duty Paid; seller bears greater responsibility/cost than FOB/CIF/EXW.

Dark Store – Retail location used exclusively for online order fulfilment.

Dart – Triangular fold sewn to remove excess and shape over curves (bust, waist, hip).

Dashiki – Colourful West African garment, typically loose and tunic-like.

Days of Inventory (DOI) – Average time stock is held before sale.

DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) – Seller pays all costs, duties, and taxes until delivery to buyer’s location.

Dead-stock – Unsold or surplus inventory; may be repurposed or liquidated to reduce waste.

Decarbonisation Pathways – Roadmaps to achieve net-zero emissions targets.

Decision Fatigue – Consumer overwhelm from too many choices, leading to simplified purchasing.

Decitex (dtex) – Yarn fineness: grams per 10,000 meters (lower dtex = finer).

Decompression Zone – Store entry area that eases customers into the environment.

Defect Classification – Standardising defects as critical/major/minor for inspection and disposition.

Defect Detection Rate – Success rate of defect discovery (e.g., AI vision vs. manual inspection).

DHU (Defects per Hundred Units) – Number of defects found per 100 inspected garments.

Defect Rate (Defective %) – Ratio of defective pieces to total inspected units.

Degrowth in Fashion – Intentional reduction of production/consumption to lessen impact.

Delamination – Failure where bonded/laminated layers separate, compromising performance.

Delta E (ΔE) – Numeric colour difference from a standard; lower values = closer match.

Demand Forecasting – Predicting future demand using historical data, trends, and analytics (including AI).

Democratisation of Fashion – Wider access to fashion via digital platforms and fast retail.

Demurrage / Detention – Charges for delayed container pickup/return or time outside terminal; increases landed cost.

Denier / tex – Direct yarn fineness measures (filament/metric).

Denim Jacket – Casual hip-length denim jacket, usually with breast pockets and buttons.

Denim Jeans – Workwear-origin trousers now a global staple.

Department Store – Large-format retailer with multiple brands and categories.

Derby Shoes – Lace-up shoes with open lacing construction.

Design Concept – Initial creative idea expressed via sketches, CADs, or mood boards.

Design Handover – Transfer of design intent from creative to product development/technical teams.

Design Patent / Registered Design – Protects ornamental/aesthetic aspects of a product.

Designer x Brand Collaborations – Limited releases merging distinct brand/designer aesthetics.

Desizing / Scouring / Bleaching – Pre-treatment stages removing size, oils, impurities before dye/print.

Detachable Collar – Removable/interchangeable collar for styling versatility.

Detachable Components – Removable parts (sleeves, hoods, collars) for versatility.

Detachable Hood – Hood removable via zipper, snaps, or buttons.

Diaspora Influence – Global migration spreading local aesthetics into mainstream fashion.

Die Cutter – Machine using shaped blades to cut fabric pieces.

Die Set – Tooling component used with a die cutter, consisting of matched parts (punch and die) that shape, stamp, or cut fabric and materials to precise patterns.

Diffusion Line – Secondary line offering lower-priced versions of designer products.

Diffusion of Innovation – Theory/model of how new ideas/products spread over time.

Digital Adoption Rate – Share of operations migrated to digital/automated systems.

Digital Colour Communication – Standardised exchange of Lab* targets, ΔE tolerances, and measurement data.

Digital Communities – Online groups (e.g., Reddit, Discord) shaping shared style identities.

Digital Cutting – Automated cutting via laser/CNC systems.

Digital Fabric Libraries – Virtual databases of fabric scans/specs replacing physical swatches.

Digital Fashion IP – IP/ownership issues around digital clothing, NFTs, metaverse assets.

Digital Fashion Show – Virtual presentation via video, livestream, or digital platforms.

Digital Fit Solutions – AI/AR tools recommending sizes online to reduce returns.

Digital Freight Platforms – Cloud tools managing logistics and shipments.

Digital Identity Dressing – Outfits expressing multiple online personas.

Digital Material Twins – Virtual simulations of fabric drape, stretch, and performance in 3D.

Digital Printing / Digital Textile Printing (DTP) – Inkjet application of designs directly to fabric, reducing water/ink waste.

Digital Product Passport (DPP) – QR/NFC-enabled product record with traceability, composition, and sustainability data (EU-driven).

Digital Showroom – Online environment where buyers view and order collections.

Digital Twin – Virtual replica of a garment, factory, or process for simulation/monitoring/optimisation.

Digital-Only Brands – Labels existing solely in virtual/gaming environments.

Dimensional (Volumetric) Weight – Freight billing weight based on package volume.

Dimensional Stability – Fabric’s ability to maintain size/shape after laundering/finishing.

Dip Dyeing – Partial dipping in dye to create gradient effects.

Direct Costs – Costs directly tied to production (fabric, trims, labor).

Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) – Brand sells directly via own stores/e-commerce without intermediaries.

Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) – IT plan to restore systems after cyberattacks/failures.

Discharge Printing – Removing base dye locally and re-colouring to create crisp motifs with soft hand.

Discretionary Spending – Purchases beyond essentials (e.g., fashion, luxury).

Disposable Income – Earnings remaining after taxes.

Distressed / Distressed Finish – Mechanical/chemical finishing that gives a worn, aged appearance (e.g., stone-washed denim).

Distressed Leather – Leather finished to look worn/vintage.

Distribution Centre (DC) – Facility for receiving, storage, value-add, and outbound fulfilment.

Distributor – Intermediary purchasing from manufacturers and supplying retailers.

Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (DEI) – Policies ensuring fair representation and treatment across identities.

Domus Academy – Italian school known for fashion design and business programs.

Dope Dyeing / Solution Dyeing – Pigments added to polymer solution pre-extrusion for durable colour.

Double Cloth / Double-Face – Two fabric layers woven/bonded for structure, warmth, or reversible use.

Double Knit – Knit constructed with two needle beds, creating a stable double-thickness fabric.

Double-Faced Fabric – Fabric with usable faces on both sides.

Double-Fold Hem – Hem made by folding the edge twice and stitching to enclose raw edge.

Double-Needle / Twin-Needle Stitch – Parallel rows of stitching for reinforcement or decorative topstitching.

Double-Welt Pocket – Pocket opening framed by two welts for a neat finish.

Down Insulation – Goose/duck down clusters used for high warmth-to-weight.

Downcycling – Recycling into lower-value materials (e.g., rags, insulation).

Downproof – Fabric construction/finish preventing down or fibre-fill leakage.

Downtime Tracking – Measuring machine stops/disruptions.

Drape – How a fabric hangs or flows under its own weight.

Drapers – UK fashion retail trade publication.

Drawcord Adjustment – Cord integrated at waist/hood/hem for adjustable fit.

Drawstring Closure – Cord threaded through a casing and tightened for closure/fit.

Drawstring Waist / Waistband – Adjustable waistband using a cord through a casing.

Drop Ship (Dropship) / Dropshipping – Vendor ships directly to end customer on brand/retailer’s behalf.

Drop Shoulder – Shoulder seam set below the natural shoulder for a relaxed look.

Dropped Waistline – Waist seam positioned below the natural waist, often near the hips.

DRP (Distribution Requirements Planning) – Inventory planning across DCs to meet service targets with minimal stock.

DTG (Direct-to-Garment) Printing – Digital inkjet printing applied directly to garments; ideal for small lots/quick turns.

DTM (Dyed-to-Match) – Trims/threads dyed to match the main fabric/standard.

Dual Sourcing – Using multiple suppliers for key materials/components.

Duffel Bag – Cylindrical soft bag for travel/sport.

Duffle Coat – Hooded wool coat with toggle-and-loop closures.

Dunnage – Protective fillers used in cartons/containers to secure goods in transit.

DUPro (During-Production) Inspection – In-line QC to detect and correct defects before final output.

Duster Coat – Long, lightweight coat originally for dust protection; now a casual style.

Duster Coat Dress – Lightweight long dress styled like a duster; worn open or belted.

Duty Drawback – Refund of duties when imported goods are later re-exported.

Dwell Time – Average time customers spend in-store.

DWR (Durable Water Repellent) – Hydrophobic finish causing water to bead and roll off.

Dye Class (Reactive / Disperse / Vat / Pigment) – Primary dye families selected by fibre type and performance.

Dye Lot – Batch dyed together; tracked for shade control and cut-order planning.

Dye Penetration / Levelness – Degree and uniformity of dye uptake across a fabric.

Dynamic Currency Conversion (DCC) – Lets shoppers pay in their home currency at POS.

Dynamic Pricing – Real-time price changes based on demand, inventory, and competition.

E

E-AWB / eBOL / E-ticketing – Electronic air waybill/bill of lading and digital shipment documents replacing paper to speed logistics and reduce errors.

E-commerce – Online sales channel requiring integrated OMS/WMS/TMS, reverse logistics, and customer data flows.

E-commerce Platform – Online store powered by platforms like Shopify, Magento, or WooCommerce.

E-commerce Returns Rate – KPI tracking the proportion of online purchases returned; typically higher in apparel than in-store.

E-Textiles (Electronic Textiles) – Fabrics or garments integrated with electronic components such as conductive fibres, LEDs, or circuits.

EAN / UPC / GTIN – Global barcode identifiers for sellable items used across retail and logistics.

Early Adopters – Consumers who quickly embrace new styles before the mainstream.

Ease – Extra allowance built into garments for comfort, movement, or style (wearing ease vs. design ease).

Eco-Labelling (e.g., EU Ecolabel) – Certification marks signalling verified environmental performance of products or processes.

Eco-Retail Design – Stores built with sustainable materials and energy-efficient systems.

École de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne – Parisian school focused on haute couture techniques.

Econyl® – Recycled nylon made from discarded fishing nets and industrial waste.

Edge Stitching – Stitching placed very close to the fabric edge or seam for reinforcement.

Edge Tape / Stay Tape – Narrow woven or fusible tape used to stabilise seams and prevent stretching or distortion.

EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) – Structured exchange of business documents; common sets include 850 (PO), 855 (PO Ack), 856 (ASN), 810 (Invoice).

Editorial Spread – Fashion story presented in a magazine with styled photography.

Edwardian Fashion – Early 20th-century style with S-bend silhouettes and high collars.

Efficiency % – Measure of operator or line productivity compared to standard; ratio of actual output versus expected output.

Elastic Hem / Drawcord Hem – Adjustable lower edge to seal out wind.

Elastic Hems – Garment hems finished with elastic to create gather or snug fit.

Elastic Waistband – A waistband with integrated elastic to stretch, providing comfort and flexibility.

Elasticity of Demand – Sensitivity of consumer demand to changes in price.

Elle – International magazine blending fashion, beauty, and lifestyle.

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (Circular Economy) – Research supporting circular systems in fashion.

Embellishment Sourcing – Specialised suppliers for beads, sequins, embroidery.

Embossed Leather – Leather pressed with patterns or textures.

Embossing – Thermal/pressure finish creating raised or recessed surface designs on fabric or leather.

Embroidery – Decorative stitching applied to fabric (by hand or machine) to form motifs or patterns.

Embroidery Machine – Automated stitching of decorative designs.

Embroidery Stitch – Types of decorative stitches (e.g., chain stitch, satin stitch).

Emerging Hubs – Seoul (K-Fashion), Shanghai (luxury and street fusion), Copenhagen (sustainability-focused).

Emerging Market Consumers – Growth segments in developing economies with rising middle-class demand.

Emotional Engagement Index – Degree to which consumers connect with brand storytelling.

Emotional Resonance – Storytelling or campaigns creating lasting emotional connections.

Empire Waistline – Waistline positioned just below the bust, creating an elongated lower body.

Employee Engagement – Strategies to improve satisfaction, motivation, and retention.

Employee Retention Rate – Percentage of workers staying over time.

Employee Turnover Rate – Percentage of staff leaving within a period.

EMS (Environmental Management System) – Framework (e.g., ISO 14001) to manage environmental impacts and compliance.

EN 13430 – European standard specifying requirements for packaging recoverable by material recycling.

End-Line / End-of-Line (EOL) Inspection – Final quality check at the end of the sewing line or after packing, typically sampled to AQL.

Endcap Display – Promotional product placement at the end of retail aisles.

Endless Aisle – In-store digital tools (tablets/kiosks) enabling customers to order products not stocked locally by accessing online inventory.

Endowment Effect – Greater value assigned to apparel once “tried on” or owned.

Energy Intensity (kWh/unit) – Environmental KPI measuring energy consumed per garment or process unit.

Engagement Index – Composite score measuring workforce motivation and satisfaction.

Entrepreneur / Fashion Start-up Founder – Builds new brands or businesses in the fashion space.

EOL (End-of-Life) / Circular Design – Design approach that considers recyclability, repair, or reuse at a product’s end-of-life to support circularity goals.

EORI (Economic Operators Registration & Identification) – EU registration number required for import/export.

Epaulette – Strap or ornamental shoulder piece, functional in uniforms.

EPC (Electronic Product Code) – GS1 identifier encoded in RFID tags to uniquely identify items through the supply chain.

EPCIS (GS1) – Standard for sharing event-level supply-chain data (commissioning, shipping, receiving) to enable traceability/DPP.

EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) – Regulations or policies shifting end-of-life responsibility (and fees/reporting) to producers (packaging/textiles).

Ergonomics in Apparel Work – Designing workspaces to reduce repetitive strain injuries.

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) – Integrated system managing finance, sourcing, inventory, production, and supply chain operations.

ERP Integration – Linking production data with enterprise systems for planning.

ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) – Framework and metrics for evaluating company sustainability and responsibility performance.

ESG Ratings Agencies (MSCI, Sustainalytics) – Independent organisations evaluating corporate sustainability performance for investors.

Espadrilles – Lightweight canvas shoes with rope sole.

ESPR (EcoDesign for Sustainable Products Regulation) – EU framework underpinning DPP and product sustainability requirements.

ETA / ETD – Estimated time of arrival / departure used in logistics planning and tracking.

Ethical Recruitment – Hiring practices prohibiting recruitment fees, coercion, or retention of documents.

Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) – Multi-stakeholder alliance of companies, unions, and NGOs promoting workers’ rights and responsible supply chains.

ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) – On-site wastewater treatment for wet processing, controlling parameters like pH and BOD/COD.

EU Ecolabel (EU Flower) – Official European ecolabel certifying low environmental impact across the full product lifecycle.

EU Single Market – Facilitates cross-border luxury and fashion commerce.

European Fashion – Classic tailoring, artisanal traditions, luxury heritage.

EVA (Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate) – Lightweight, flexible polymer used in foams for footwear, padding, and trims.

Ex Works (EXW) – Incoterm where the buyer collects goods from the seller’s site and assumes risk/cost thereafter.

Exchange Rate Impact – Currency fluctuations influencing import/export retail pricing.

Exclusive Collection – Limited run created for a specific retailer, channel, or launch.

Exotic Leathers – Hides from animals such as snakes, crocodiles, or ostriches.

Expandable Panels – Hidden gussets or zips that allow garments to expand in size or fit.

Experience-First Fashion – Shifting value from ownership to immersive brand engagement.

Experiential Marketing – Immersive brand events or activations to engage consumers.

Experiential Retail / Experiential Shopping – In-store design emphasising interaction, personalisation, and immersive storytelling beyond transactions.

Eyelet – Reinforced hole (often with metal or stitching) for threading laces.

Eyelet Trim – Embroidered fabric with cut-out holes, often finished with stitching.

F

Fabric Consumption / Yield – Amount of fabric required to produce a garment, key for costing and planning.

Fabric Library – Collection of fabric swatches and specifications used for design selection; may also exist as digitised, structured databases with specs and test results for standardisation and reuse.

Fabric Preparation – Pre-cutting processes such as relaxation, inspection, and shrinkage control.

Fabric Spreading – Laying fabric layers in preparation for cutting.

Fabric Utilisation – Percentage of fabric efficiently used during cutting.

Factory Audit – Independent assessment of factory compliance across quality, social, environmental, and safety areas.

Factory Gate Price (FGP) – Ex-factory cost excluding logistics and duties.

Fad – Extremely short-lived, highly popular trend.

Fair Labor Association (FLA) – Independent organisation promoting and accrediting labor rights compliance in apparel supply chains.

Fair Trade – Certification ensuring ethical labor practices, fair wages, and sustainable trade.

Fair Trade Certified™ (USA) – U.S.-specific certification ensuring fair wages, ethical trade, and environmental standards.

Fair Trade Compliance – Adherence to fair pricing, safe labor conditions, and community investment.

Fair Wear Foundation (FWF) – Multi-stakeholder initiative supporting fair wages and safe working conditions in global garment production.

Fairtrade Textile Standard – Global fair-trade standard ensuring workers’ rights and living wages across the textile value chain.

Fascinator – Decorative, lightweight headpiece worn at formal events.

Fashion as Activism – Apparel used as a tool for climate, political, or social justice advocacy.

Fashion as Identity – Clothing as a communicator of personal or group identity.

Fashion as Protest – Use of clothing as a political or social statement (e.g., suffragette white, slogan T-shirts).

Fashion Buyer – Selects products for retail stores based on trends, budgets, and consumer demand.

Fashion Critic – Journalist who analyses and reviews collections, shows, and industry movements.

Fashion Cycle – The progression of a style or trend: introduction, growth, maturity, decline, obsolescence (sometimes revival).

Fashion Designer – Develops clothing, footwear, or accessories from concept to finished product.

Fashion Editor – Oversees content direction for magazines or digital platforms.

Fashion History & Theory – Academic study of fashion as cultural and artistic expression.

Fashion Illustrator – Produces visual sketches of designs for concept communication.

Fashion Incubators – Programs supporting early-stage designers and startups with mentorship, workspace, and funding.

Fashion Influencer – Individual leveraging social platforms to promote fashion and style.

Fashion Influencer Awards – Recognitions honouring digital creators shaping fashion culture.

Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) – U.S. college specialising in fashion, textiles, and design.

Fashion Involvement – Degree of personal interest and time spent engaging with apparel.

Fashion Journalist / Editor – Writes about collections, industry developments, and style culture.

Fashion Law Institute (Fordham University) – First academic centre dedicated to fashion law.

Fashion Opinion Leaders – Early adopters or influencers setting style direction.

Fashion Psychology – Study of how clothing affects identity, perception, and behaviour.

Fashion Rental Platforms – Services enabling consumers to borrow garments short-term.

Fashion Showroom – Space where buyers or clients preview collections for ordering.

Fashion Singularity – Concept of fashion merging fully with AI, automation, and digital ecosystems.

Fashion Television – Programs or networks dedicated to fashion shows and culture.

Fashion Tribe / Tribes – Consumer subcultures bonded by shared aesthetic identities (e.g., goth, preppy, punk, Lolita).

Fashion Week – Semiannual showcase where designers present new collections (e.g., New York, Paris, Milan, London).

Fast Fashion – Business model producing frequent, low-cost collections in response to trends.

Fast Fashion Culture – Rapid cycles of affordable trends encouraging overconsumption.

Fast Fashion Market – Global chains offering rapid trend turnover at scale.

FAST Turn – Accelerated production cycle to meet rapid demand.

Faux Fur – Synthetic fibres mimicking natural fur.

Faux Leather / Pleather – Synthetic material designed to imitate leather.

Fédération de la Haute Couture et de la Mode (FHCM) – Governs Paris Fashion Week and haute couture houses.

Fedora – Felt hat with indented crown and pinched front.

Felting / Fulling – Process increasing fabric density through fibre entanglement.

Fiber Dyeing – Dye applied before fibres are spun into yarn (e.g., stock dyeing).

Fibre Content – Declared fibre composition of a textile, required by labelling laws.

Fibre to Finish – End-to-end journey from raw fibre to finished garment.

FIFO (First In, First Out) – Inventory method ensuring oldest stock is sold first.

Filament Yarn – Yarn composed of continuous filaments (e.g., silk, polyester).

Fill Rate – Percentage of customer demand met without stockouts.

Final (Pre-Shipment) Inspection / Final Audit (QA Audit) – Quality review of finished goods before shipping.

Finishing (Textile) – Post-treatment adding softness, performance, or functional properties.

Fire-Retardant / Flame-Retardant Finishes – Chemical treatments improving flame resistance.

Flammability Standards – Regulations requiring fabrics and garments to meet fire safety performance (e.g., 16 CFR 1610 in the U.S.).

First Pass Yield (FPY) – Percentage of units meeting specifications without rework.

First-Time-Right Production – Producing to standard on the first attempt, avoiding rework.

Fit – How a garment conforms to the wearer’s body shape and proportions.

Fit Model – Person whose body represents brand sizing standards and is used during garment fitting.

Fit Sample – Garment produced to assess sizing and fit accuracy.

Fit Size Set (Size Run) – Full graded set of sizes evaluated before bulk production to validate grading and tolerances.

Fit Testing / Fit Trials – Evaluation of garment sizing and fit on mannequins or live models.

Fitting (HPS, BND, FND) – Standard measurement points for fit evaluation.

Fixation Process – Dyeing stage in which colour is chemically bonded to fibres.

Flagship Store – Brand’s largest or most iconic store, often in a key fashion capital, showcasing full collections.

Flap Pocket – Pocket covered with a flap of fabric, sometimes closed with a button or snap.

Flash Sales – Limited-time, high-discount events online or in-store.

Flat vs. Hierarchical Structures – Organisational models with differing authority and decision-making flows.

Flat-Felled Seam – Strong, durable seam with raw edges enclosed and stitched flat; often used in denim.

Fleece Lining – Soft brushed synthetic layer for warmth and comfort.

Flounce – Circular strip of fabric cut in a curve, attached to create a softer, wave-like drape than a ruffle.

FMEA / PFMEA (Failure Mode & Effects Analysis) – Structured risk assessment for processes (and optionally designs) to prevent defects; paired with CAP & Control Plans.

FOB (Free on Board) – Incoterm where the seller delivers goods onto the vessel at the port of shipment; price includes manufacturing, packaging, and port loading.

FOB (Full Package) – Supplier manages everything from sourcing materials to production and shipping.

Folding Standard – Approved folding and packing method by product type.

Foot Traffic – Number of visitors entering a retail store.

Force Majeure Clause – Contract clause freeing parties from obligations during unforeseeable events (e.g., pandemics).

Forecast Accuracy – Degree to which predicted demand matches actual sales.

Forward Contract(s) – Agreements to lock in exchange rates for future payments.

FPP (Full-Package Production) – Supplier manages sourcing, production, and delivery end-to-end.

FR (Flame Retardant) – Fabric treatment or fibre characteristic meeting flammability standards.

Framing Effect – Presentation of information (e.g., “save $20” vs. “20% off”) shaping consumer choices.

Franchise Model / Franchise Retailing – Business model where independent operators run branded stores under licensing agreements.

Free Returns Policy – Customer-friendly approach where return shipping costs are covered by the brand.

Free-Flow Layout – Flexible, boutique-style arrangement promoting exploration.

Freelancers & Contractors – Independent workers hired for specialised or short-term tasks.

Freight Consolidation – Combining smaller shipments into one larger load to reduce costs.

Freight Forwarder – Service provider arranging transportation of goods across borders.

French Seam – Seam that encloses raw edges inside a second seam, creating a neat finish.

Fringe – Threads or strips hanging loosely from an edge for decoration or movement.

Frog Closure – Ornamental loop-and-knot fastening used on traditional or decorative garments.

FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) – Certification system for responsibly sourced wood-derived fibres, paper, and packaging:

FTA (Free Trade Agreement) – Agreement reducing tariffs, based on Rules of Origin (ROO).

Full Lining – Separate fabric layer covering the entire inside of a garment for comfort and structure.

Full-Grain Leather – Highest-quality leather with natural grain left intact.

Full-Time Employment – Standard permanent contracts with benefits.

Fur-Free Alliance (FFA) – Global coalition promoting alternatives to real fur.

Fusing – Process of heat-bonding interlinings for garment structure.

G

Gamification in Loyalty – Using challenges, badges, and rewards to boost engagement.

Gantt / TNA (Time & Action) – Timeline tool with milestones to track development and production.

Garment Dyeing – Dyeing completed garments to enable flexible coloration close to demand.

Garment Technologist – Ensures garments meet fit, quality, and performance standards.

Gear Strap – Extra strap detail for outdoor or utility garments.

Gemba – Lean practice of going to the shop floor to observe real processes.

Gender Equity Initiatives – Programs addressing pay gaps, leadership representation, and workplace safety for women.

Gender Equity Ratio – Metric tracking female representation and wage equality in the supply chain.

Gender Expression in Fashion – How clothing styles reinforce, blur, or subvert gender norms.

Generative Design / Generative AI for Design – AI-assisted tools generating design options and textile patterns from set parameters.

Geopolitical Risk – Trade wars, sanctions, or regional instability impacting sourcing and logistics.

GHG Protocol – International standard for measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions (Scopes 1, 2, 3).

Gig & Platform Labor – Short-term tasks mediated by apps or digital marketplaces.

Ginning / Spinning / Weaving / Knitting – Stages in the fibre-to-fabric process.

Global Distribution Centres (DCs) – Warehouses strategically placed to serve international markets.

Global Recycled Standard (GRS) – Certification verifying recycled content and responsible social, environmental, and chemical practices.

Global Sourcing – Procuring fabrics and trims from international suppliers.

Global Standardisation – Efforts to harmonise sizing internationally.

Globalisation of Fashion – Cross-border blending of styles via trade, media, and migration.

GMROI (Gross Margin Return on Investment) – Profitability measure comparing gross margin to inventory investment.

Go-to-Market Calendar – Scheduling product launches aligned with seasons.

Godet – Triangular/wedge fabric insert adding flare and movement.

Gore – Panel shaped to fit at the waist and flare toward the hem; multiples create fuller skirts.

Goth – Dark, dramatic style with Victorian and punk influences.

GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) – Leading organic textile certification covering fibre input, chemical restrictions, and social compliance.

Government Grants & Programs – Funding for textile R&D, sustainability, and advanced manufacturing.

Grade Rules – Measurement increments applied when scaling patterns.

Grader – Specialist who adjusts patterns to create size ranges.

Grading – Systematic scaling of a base pattern into different sizes.

Grading Software – Programs that scale base patterns into multiple sizes.

Green Dot – EU packaging scheme marking producer contributions to national recycling/recovery programs.

Green Returns – Letting customers keep low-value returns to reduce carbon impact.

Greenwashing Allegations – Claims of misrepresenting sustainability efforts.

Greenwashing Regulation – Legal scrutiny of misleading sustainability marketing.

Greige Fabric / Greige Goods – Raw, unfinished textile prior to dyeing or finishing.

GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) – Widely used sustainability reporting framework for disclosing ESG performance.

Grid Layout – Organised retail aisles common in value or mass-market fashion.

Grievance Mechanism – Formal process enabling workers to raise complaints safely.

Gross Margin – Difference between selling price and cost of goods sold (COGS).

Gross-to-Net Sales – Revenue before vs. after deductions (returns, markdowns).

GRS+ (Extended Global Recycled Standard) – Enhanced scheme building on GRS with additional environmental and labor audits.

Grunge – 1990s style marked by flannel, distressed denim, and layered casual wear.

GS1 Digital Link – Standard converting product codes into web links for traceability and DPP.

GS1-128 / SSCC – Standardised logistics barcodes for carton and pallet tracking.

GSD (General Sewing Data) – Predetermined time-measurement system for garment operations.

GSM (Grams per Square Metre) – Fabric weight metric affecting drape, opacity, warmth, and cost.

Guerrilla Marketing – Unconventional, attention-grabbing promotional tactics.

Gusset – Triangular/diamond insert allowing freedom of movement.

H

HACCP (Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points) – Risk-control approach applied to textile chemicals and processes.

Halo Effect – Positive impression of a brand extending across its products.

Halter Neckline – Neckline fastening behind the neck, leaving shoulders and back bare.

Hand-feel – Tactile qualities of a fabric such as softness, smoothness, or fullness.

Handloom Sample – Woven swatch used to test weave construction.

Hardware – Metal or plastic fastenings such as buckles, rivets, and grommets.

Harness – Strapped accessory for styling or functional layering over garments.

Harper’s Bazaar – Long-running fashion publication focused on style and culture.

Haute Couture – Exclusive, custom-fitted fashion produced by recognised couture houses in Paris; a source of high creative direction.

Haute Couture Week – Exclusive Paris event showcasing couture houses recognised by the Chambre Syndicale.

Hazardous Waste Manifest – Regulatory document tracking generation, transport, and disposal of hazardous production waste.

Health & Safety Risks – Workplace hazards such as accidents, pandemics, or unsafe conditions.

Heat Transfer (HT) Labels – Printed transfers for branding or care instructions; require wash/heat fastness controls.

Heat-Seal / Seam Tape – Bonding methods for waterproof garment seams.

Heat-Setting / Heat-Setting Machine – Thermal stabilisation (mainly synthetics) fixing fabric dimensions and reducing shrinkage/torque.

Heatmapping – Tracking how users navigate websites or stores for UX optimisation.

Hedging / Hedging Strategies – Financial instruments (e.g., forward contracts, options) used to offset risks such as currency or commodity fluctuations.

Hedonic Motivation – Shopping driven by pleasure, novelty, or emotional gratification.

Heel Cap – Protective piece at the bottom of a shoe heel.

Heijunka – Lean method for smoothing production and levelling demand.

Hem Drawcord – Cord threaded through a garment hem for adjustable fit.

Hemp – Fast-growing, low-water natural fibre considered highly sustainable.

Higg Index – Industry toolset for measuring environmental, social, and material impacts across the apparel supply chain.

Higg FEM (Facility Environmental Module) – Evaluates factory-level environmental performance (energy, water, chemicals).

Higg FSLM (Facility Social & Labor Module) – Evaluates labour conditions, wages, and workplace well-being.

High Collar / Storm Collar – Extended collar providing neck protection against weather.

High-Low Hem – Hemline shorter in the front and longer in the back.

High-Performance Fibres – Technical fibres such as Kevlar®, Dyneema®, and carbon fibres used for durability and strength.

Hip-Hop Fashion – Street-inspired style with oversized silhouettes, logos, sneakers, and accessories.

HIRA (Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment) – Framework for assessing workplace health and safety risks.

Hook & Eye – Small metal hook fastening into a loop, common on waistbands and lingerie.

Hoop Earrings – Circular earrings available in varied sizes.

Hotspot Analysis – Identifying supply chain stages with the highest environmental or social impact.

House of Brands – Corporate strategy where a company owns multiple distinct brands (e.g., LVMH).

HS / HTS Code (Harmonised System Code) – International classification system for traded goods, used for tariffs and customs.

HSE (Health, Safety & Environment) – Integrated approach to managing workplace safety, occupational health, and environmental protection.

Hydration Pocket – Pouch designed to hold hydration packs in outdoor apparel.

Hydrophobic & Oleophobic Finishes – Fabric treatments that resist water and oil absorption.

Hydrophobic / Hydrophilic – Fabric characteristics that repel or absorb water.

Hyper-Personalisation – AI-enabled tailoring of garments to an individual’s identity, preferences, and lifestyle.

I

IBP / S&OP (Integrated Business Planning) – Cross-functional planning aligning demand, supply, and financial goals.

ICTI Ethical Supply Chain – Certification ensuring lawful, ethical manufacturing, especially eliminating child labor.

Identity Fluid Fashion – Garments that transcend traditional gender or cultural categories.

IEC / ISO / EN Testing – International standards for textile and apparel testing.

Illuminant Metamerism – Colour mismatch under different light sources.

Image Recognition AI – Identifies patterns, colours, or styles from online imagery.

Impact Reduction (Year-over-Year) – Tracking improvements in environmental or social footprint over time.

Importer / Exporter of Record (IOR / EOR) – Legal entity responsible for customs compliance.

Impulse Buying – Unplanned purchases driven by emotion, promotions, or environment.

Inspection – Quality checks at various stages of production:

Incoming Inspection – Verifying raw materials before production.

In-line Inspection – Monitoring garments during sewing/assembly. Final Inspection – End-of-line checks based on AQL standards.

Inclusive & Adaptive Fashion – Apparel designed for diverse body types, genders, and abilities.

Inclusive Fit – Garment sizing and construction accommodating different body shapes and needs.

Incoterms (2020 / International Commercial Terms) – Standardised global trade rules defining buyer and seller responsibilities (e.g., CIF, DDP, EXW).

Indirect Costs (Overheads) – Non-direct expenses such as utilities, rent, depreciation, and administration.

Industry 4.0 – Digital integration of IoT, AI, robotics, and data in manufacturing.

Industry Associations – Collective groups (e.g., Textile Exchange, SAC) convening stakeholders for standard-setting.

Inflation Impact on Fashion – Rising production and retail costs shifting consumer behaviour.

Influencer Economy – Social media–driven influence on fashion consumption:

Influencer Culture – Personalities shaping trends.

Influencer Marketing – Brand promotions via influencers.

Influencer-Led Collections – Co-created fashion lines with influencers/celebrities.

INLEX IP Expertise – Firm specialising in fashion intellectual property protection.

Innovation – Fashion-driven experimentation:

Innovation Labs – In-house or external hubs for testing new materials, concepts, and technologies.

Innovation ROI – Value created from innovation projects relative to cost.

Inset Breast Pocket – Small welt or bound pocket on the chest of jackets or shirts.

Insulation – Layers or constructions that retain heat:

Insulated Lining – Padded inner layers in jackets/coats.

Trapped Air Knit – Knit construction capturing air for warmth.

Integrated Report – Document combining financial and sustainability disclosures.

Interfacing / Interlining – Support or hidden layers providing reinforcement, stiffness, or insulation in garments.

Interlock Knit – Double-knit fabric with intermeshing loops, producing a thicker, more stable fabric.

International Accord for Health & Safety – Legally binding agreement (originating in Bangladesh) ensuring safe factory conditions, now expanded globally.

International Sizing Conversions – Regional size standards (US, UK, EU, Asia).

International Trademark Association (INTA) – Global organisation focusing on brand protection.

International Woolmark Prize – Award recognising innovative uses of wool in fashion.

Interplanetary Fashion – Conceptual designs for life on Mars or space colonies.

Inventory Management – Process of tracking, controlling, and optimising stock across production, storage, and sales.

Inventory Turn / Turnover – Metric showing how often inventory is sold and replenished within a period.

Invisible Zipper – Concealed zipper with hidden teeth sewn into seams.

IoT (Internet of Things) – Connected devices providing real-time supply chain and operational data.

IoT Sensors – Embedded devices monitoring conditions in warehouses, transport, or machines.

IP (Intellectual Property) – Legal rights protecting designs, trademarks, and innovations.

ISO Standards (International Organisation for Standardisation) – Global technical standards, including:

ISO 9001 (Quality Management) – Standard for consistent processes and product quality.

ISO 14001 (Environmental Management) – Framework for environmental management systems.

ISO 14064 – Guidance for quantifying and reporting greenhouse gas emissions.

ISO 14855 / 17088 / 18604 – Standards covering biodegradability, compostability, and packaging recyclability.

ISO 26000 (CSR Guidance) – Framework for socially responsible practices.

ISO 45001 (Health & Safety) – Standard for occupational health and safety management systems.

ISO 50001 (Energy Management) – Framework for improving energy efficiency.

ISO/IEC 17025 – Competence requirements for testing and calibration laboratories.

ISPM 15 – Regulation requiring heat treatment of wooden packaging for international trade.

ISPO – Major sportswear and outdoor apparel trade fair.

ISTA (International Safe Transit Association) – Organisation setting packaging and transit test protocols.

Istituto Marangoni – International fashion school with campuses in Milan, Paris, London, and beyond.

IT System Risk – Failures in ERP, PLM, or digital platforms disrupting business operations.

J

Jacquard Machine – Specialised loom attachment enabling the weaving of complex patterns.

Jacquard / Dobby Weaves – Techniques for creating intricate or small woven patterns.

Jersey Knit – A single-knit fabric with a smooth face and purl back; lightweight, stretchy, and widely used for T-shirts.

Jersey / Interlock / Rib / Piqué – Common knit structures differing in stability, weight, and stretch.

JIC (Just-in-Case) – Inventory strategy maintaining buffer stock to mitigate supply risks.

Jidoka – Lean principle of automation with human oversight, stopping production immediately when defects occur.

JIT (Just-in-Time) – Inventory and production strategy where goods are produced or received only as needed, minimising stock.

JIT Cutting – Cutting fabric based on immediate needs to avoid shading risk.

Just-in-Time Analytics – Use of real-time data to optimise inventory and prevent overproduction.

Job Order Costing – Costing method based on specific small-batch or custom orders.

Joint Ventures – Two or more companies forming a shared entity for a market, project, or innovation initiative.

K

Kaftan – Long, flowing robe with origins in the Middle East and North Africa.

Kaizen – Continuous improvement philosophy/methodology engaging all employees, widely applied in apparel production.

Kanban System – Pull-based visual signalling system controlling material flow and triggering replenishment.

Keyhole Neckline – Neckline with a teardrop- or round-shaped cutout, usually near the collarbone.

Keystone Pricing – Retail pricing strategy of doubling wholesale cost.

Kick Pleat – Short pleat, often at the back hem of a skirt or coat, allowing easier walking.

Kimono – Traditional Japanese robe with wide sleeves and sash.

Kingpins Show – Denim-focused sourcing and trend trade show.

Kitting – Grouping multiple items into one unit for shipping or sale.

Knitted Gauge (GG) – Number of stitches per inch in a knit fabric; higher = finer.

Knitting Machine – Equipment for producing knitted fabrics, including flatbed and circular machines.

Knockoff – Legal but closely imitative product copying the style of a designer brand without infringing trademarks.

Knowledge Sharing Platforms – Online hubs or industry forums facilitating open dialogue and best practice exchange.

KOL (Key Opinion Leader) – Influential figure, particularly in Asian markets, shaping consumer trends (similar to “influencer”).

KPI (Key Performance Indicator) – Metrics used to measure supplier, process, or business performance.

L

L’Officiel – French-origin magazine featuring high fashion and lifestyle.

Lab Dip – Small swatch of fabric dyed to match a colour standard before bulk production.

Lab Testing – Independent or in-house tests for performance and safety, e.g., colourfastness, shrinkage, tensile strength.

Lab-Grown Fibres – Bio-engineered materials such as spider silk or alternative fibres.

Lab-Grown Leather – Cultured material replicating animal hides without livestock.

Labour Rights – Standards ensuring fair wages, safe conditions, and freedom of association.

Labour Rights Violations – Negative outcomes or publicity from unsafe or unethical factory practices.

Lace Fabrics – Decorative openwork textiles:

Lace Knit – Openwork knit with holes and patterns.

Lace Overlay – Lace applied over a base fabric for contrast.

Lace Trim – Openwork edging used decoratively on hems, sleeves, or collars.

Lacing – Interlaced cord or ribbon threaded through eyelets, used in corsets, shoes, and sportswear.

Lamination / Coating – Application of protective or performance layers to fabric.

Landed Cost – Total cost to bring goods to destination, including product, freight, duty, fees, and compliance.

Lanyard Loop (Locker Loop) – Small reinforced loop at the back neck of shirts or jackets for hanging.

Laser Cutting Machine – Equipment using laser beams for precise fabric cutting or engraving.

Last – Foot-shaped form used in shoemaking.

Last Mile Delivery – Final stage of transportation from distribution hub to consumer.

Latin American Fashion – Region known for vibrant colours, artisanal craft, and sustainable, community-driven labels.

LC (Letter of Credit) – Bank instrument guaranteeing seller payment upon compliant documentation.

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) – Analytical method measuring a product’s environmental impact from raw material to disposal.

LCA Hotspot Analysis – Focused LCA identifying the highest-impact stages for targeted improvements.

LCA Tools (e.g., GaBi, SimaPro, OpenLCA) – Software platforms used for quantitative impact data.

Lead Time – Total time from order placement to delivery, including production and transit.

Lead Time Analysis – Measuring and optimising time taken across order fulfilment stages.

Leadership Development – Training programs preparing employees for managerial or executive roles.

Lean 7 Wastes (Muda) – Categories of waste: overproduction, waiting, transport, extra processing, inventory, motion, and defects.

Lean Development – Streamlining sampling to reduce cost and waste.

Lean Manufacturing – System for eliminating waste, improving efficiency, and reducing lead times.

Leather Working Group (LWG) – Organisation certifying tanneries for environmental performance.

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) – Certification for sustainable building and construction.

Lesotho Agreement – Worker-safety and gender-based violence prevention initiative in African garment factories.

Letter of Intent (LOI) – Pre-contract agreement outlining preliminary sourcing or partnership terms.

Licensing – Granting rights to use a brand’s name, logo, or IP across product categories.

LIFO (Last In, First Out) – Inventory accounting method where newest stock is sold first (less common in apparel).

Lightbox Evaluation – Assessment of colour under standardised lighting conditions.

Limited Edition – Short-run product release designed to create exclusivity.

Line Balancing – Allocating and distributing tasks evenly among operators to maximise efficiency and minimise bottlenecks.

Line QC (Quality Gates) – Defined in-process checkpoints (cutting, sewing, finishing) to catch defects early.

Lining – Inner fabric layer in a garment providing comfort, structure, or seam concealment.

Liquid Repellent (DWR) – Durable water-repellent finish applied to fabrics.

Little Black Dress (LBD) – Timeless, versatile black dress popularised by Coco Chanel.

Livestream Shopping / Commerce – Real-time video sales events combining e-commerce and influencer marketing; highly popular in Asia.

Living Wage – Compensation standard that meets basic living costs, beyond minimum wage.

Living Wage Benchmark – Measurement assessing whether wages meet a decent living standard.

LkSG (German Supply Chain Due Diligence Act) – Requires companies to manage human-rights risks across supply chains.

LLP (Lead Logistics Provider) – Strategic partner managing multiple logistics providers for supply chain optimisation.

Loafers – Slip-on shoes with moccasin-style construction.

Local Artisan Markets – Community-driven ecosystems featuring craft and handmade goods.

Local Sourcing – Procuring materials domestically for faster turnaround and lower carbon impact.

Localisation / Glocalisation – Adaptation of global brands to suit local markets.

Lockstitch Machine – Standard sewing machine forming strong, versatile stitches.

London – Hub of innovative, edgy, experimental fashion; home to key schools and designers.

London College of Fashion (LCF) – Part of University of the Arts London, specialising in fashion education.

Long Sleeve – Sleeve extending to the wrist.

Look Haul – Influencer-led showcase of purchased or sponsored fashion items.

Lookbook – Curated visual presentation of a collection.

Loom – Machine used for weaving yarn into fabric (e.g., handloom, power loom, jacquard loom).

Loss Leader Strategy – Selling an item at a loss to attract customers who purchase other products.

Lot Matching – Ensuring consistent fabric lots are used in production to avoid mismatches.

Lot Submission – Bulk colour or material sample submitted for approval.

Low-Impact Dyeing / Finishes – Processes minimising water, energy, and chemical use (e.g., enzyme washing, ozone finishing).

Loyalty Programs – Systems offering points, discounts, or perks for repeat customers.

Loyalty Incentives for Returns – Rewards (e.g., vouchers, discounts) encouraging recycling or product returns.

Luxury Customer Experience – Focus on exclusivity, service, and personalisation.

Luxury Fashion – High-end segment emphasising exclusivity, craftsmanship, and prestige.

Luxury Globalisation – Expansion of luxury brands into emerging markets.

Luxury Market – Premium-priced goods sector driven by heritage maisons and new disruptors.

LVMH Prize – International competition supporting emerging designers.

M

MA (Master of Arts) in Fashion Management – Postgraduate degree focusing on the business and strategic side of fashion.

Machine Learning (ML) – AI models that improve predictions and performance as they process more data.

Machine Operator / Machinist – Runs sewing or finishing machinery in garment factories.

Macro Trend – Long-term shifts in consumer behaviour or aesthetics (e.g., sustainability, athleisure).

Made-By Environmental Benchmark – Framework comparing raw materials by sustainability ranking.

Made-to-Measure Services – Semi-custom garments tailored to individual body measurements.

Make-to-Order (MTO) – Production triggered by customer orders; fabric and garments made specifically for a brand’s or consumer’s request.

Make-to-Stock (MTS) – Production based on demand forecasts to maintain inventory.

MAGIC – U.S.-based trade show for apparel, footwear, and accessories.

Magnetic Closure – Fastening system using embedded magnets for smooth, quick securing (common in handbags and garments).

Major Defect – Significant flaw affecting usability or appearance, leading to likely rejection.

Minor Defect – Small flaw not affecting function but reducing aesthetic quality.

Mandarin Collar – Short, stand-up collar without fold-over points, also called a band collar.

MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) – Forecast accuracy measure comparing projected vs. actual sales.

Markdowns – Price reductions to stimulate demand or clear inventory.

Markdown % – Percentage reduction from retail price, affecting margin.

Markdowns & Promotions – Discounting strategies to boost sales.

Marker Making – Planning and optimising fabric layout to minimise waste during cutting.

Marker Efficiency – Measure of fabric utilisation in layouts.

Marker Maker – Specialist arranging pattern pieces.

Marker Tolerance / Spreading Tension – Controls preventing shade or measurement variations during cutting.

Market Basket Analysis – Studying items often bought together to inform cross-selling strategies.

Market Reach Expansion – Entering new customer segments or geographies, often via partnerships.

Market Segmentation – Dividing consumers into groups based on demographics, behaviour, or preferences.

Marketplace Model – Multi-brand e-commerce platforms (e.g., Amazon, Zalando, Farfetch, Tmall) connecting multiple sellers to buyers.

Markup – Percentage added to production cost to reach selling price.

Martindale Abrasion Test – Standard method for measuring fabric durability against rubbing.

Mass Balance / Segregation – Chain-of-custody models for certified material tracking.

Mass Customisation – Producing personalised garments efficiently at scale using digital tools and near mass-production methods.

Mass Market / Value Retail – Large-scale, affordable apparel for mainstream consumers.

Massification of Fashion – Democratisation of high fashion into accessible, mass-market products.

Material Efficiency – Ratio of material used vs. wasted in production.

Material Innovation – Development of new fibres, weaves, or finishes.

Material Innovation Forecasting – Anticipating new materials entering the market.

Material Innovation Labs – R&D centres for bio-based fibres, lab-grown leather, and alternatives.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS/SDS) – Technical safety information about chemicals or coatings.

Materiality Assessment – Process identifying the sustainability issues most relevant to stakeholders.

Maxi / Midi / Mini Lengths – Hemline categories: Mini – Ending well above the knee, Midi – Falling around mid-calf, Maxi – Reaching the ankle or floor.

MBA in Luxury & Fashion Management – Business program specialising in luxury and fashion industries.

Mechanical Recycling – Breaking textiles into fibres without altering chemical structure.

Mending & Alterations – Tailoring services to adjust fit or repair garments.

Mercerisation – Treatment of cotton under tension with caustic soda, improving strength, dye uptake, and lustre.

Merchandise Planning – Budgeting and assortment planning by category, style, colour, and size.

Merchandiser – Professional coordinating product assortment, production, and sales data.

MES (Manufacturing Execution System) – Digital tool/software monitoring and coordinating real-time production processes.

Met Gala – Annual fundraising event for the Costume Institute, known for themed high-fashion looks.

Metal Detection / Needle Policy – Factory control system detecting broken needles or metal fragments in finished goods.

Metamerism – Colour appearing matched in one light but different in another.

Metaverse Fashion / Digital Assets (NFTs) – Virtual apparel and accessories for avatars, immersive worlds, or digital traceability.

MFA (Master of Fine Arts) – Advanced postgraduate program focused on creative design.

Micro Trend – Short-lived fashion phenomena often driven by social media.

Micro-Fulfilment Centre (MFC) – Automated, localised warehouse supporting rapid delivery.

Micro-Influencer – Social media personality with a smaller but highly engaged audience.

Microfibre / Microplastics – Ultrafine synthetic fibres that contribute to environmental pollution.

Middle Eastern Fashion – Market known for modest styles, luxury consumption, and garments such as abayas and kaftans.

Milan – Fashion capital renowned for luxury ready-to-wear, craftsmanship, and leather goods.

Minimalist Merchandising – Retail strategy prioritising durable, modular displays and reducing excess.

Minimum Wage vs. Living Wage – Legal minimum pay compared to socially responsible wage benchmarks.

Mirror Neurons in Fashion Ads – Concept where consumers empathise with apparel shown “in use,” influencing purchase behaviour.

Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce) – Shopping conducted via mobile apps or platforms.

Mobile Wallets – Payment systems via apps such as Apple Pay, Alipay, or PayPal.

Model Rights – Legal protections for models’ image use in campaigns and media.

Modern Slavery Act (UK) – Legislation requiring companies to disclose actions taken against forced labour in supply chains.

Modesty Fashion – Styles adhering to cultural or religious standards of modesty.

Modular Fashion & Production – Flexible systems:

Modular Production System – Small teams producing full garments collaboratively.

Modular System (Garments) – Interchangeable components enabling customisation or versatility.

Mohair – Silky fibre from Angora goats.

Moisture Management in Textiles – Performance fabric properties:

Moisture-Sensing Fabrics – Track sweat/hydration in sportswear.

Moisture Vapour Transmission Rate (MVTR) – Rate of vapour passing through a textile.

Moisture-Wicking Fabrics – Draw sweat away from skin (e.g., polyester blends).

Mood Board – Visual collage capturing design direction or collection inspiration.

MOQ (Minimum Order Quantity) – Lowest order volume a supplier will accept for production.

Mouton – Sheepskin treated to resemble beaver or seal fur.

MRP / APS – Planning systems for material and production scheduling.

MRSL (Manufacturing Restricted Substances List) – List of restricted input chemicals for textile processes.

Mullen / ECT Tests – Carton strength tests for packaging durability.

Multi-Echelon Inventory Optimisation (MEIO) – Coordinating stock across multiple distribution points.

Multi-Pack / PPK – Packing multiple sizes or ratios of items in one carton.

Multi-Sourcing – Using multiple suppliers to reduce supply chain risk.

Multi-Way Wear – Garments designed to be worn in different orientations (e.g., reversible jackets, wrap dresses).

Mushroom Leather / Mycelium Leather – Bio-fabricated material grown from fungi as a sustainable leather alternative.

Muslin / Toile – Inexpensive fabric or sample garment used to test silhouette and fit before production.

Mules – Backless shoes, flat or heeled.

N

Nanotechnology in Textiles – Use of nano-coatings to enhance fabric properties such as water repellence, UV resistance, or stain resistance.

Nap / One-Way Fabric – Fabrics with directional pile or print requiring consistent cutting to maintain uniform appearance.

National Fashion Weeks – Regional fashion events showcasing local designers and markets.

Natural Dyeing – Dyeing with plant, mineral, or insect-derived colourants as sustainable alternatives to synthetic dyes.

Natural Waistline – Garment seam or belt positioned at the body’s natural waist, the narrowest part of the torso.

NCR (Non-Conformance / Non-Compliance Report) – Formal record documenting quality or compliance failures and deviations from standards.

Ne / Nm / tex (Yarn Counts) – Systems measuring yarn fineness and thickness.

Nearshoring / Reshoring – Relocating production closer to end markets to reduce lead times and supply chain risk.

Needle Size / Point (SPI Interplay) – Correct needle specification to achieve stitch quality, avoid fabric damage, and meet stitches-per-inch requirements.

Negative Ease – When a garment is smaller than body measurements, relying on stretch fabrics for a close fit.

Nest (Grading Nest) – Overlay of graded patterns used to check consistency in sizing.

Net Margin – Profit remaining after all costs, overhead, and taxes.

Net Promoter Score (NPS) – Metric measuring customer likelihood to recommend a brand.

Net Zero Commitments – Corporate pledges to cut greenhouse gas emissions to net zero, often aligned with the Paris Agreement.

Neural Networks – AI systems capable of recognising complex patterns, such as identifying fashion designs or trends.

New York – Fashion capital known for sportswear, streetwear, and contemporary labels; also home to New York Fashion Week.

NFT Fashion (Non-Fungible Tokens) – Blockchain-based digital fashion assets providing unique ownership and authentication.

Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) – Legal contract protecting confidential business information in design, sourcing, or partnerships.

Nonwoven Fabrics – Fabrics bonded mechanically, chemically, or thermally rather than woven or knitted.

Nordic Swan Ecolabel – Official ecolabel of Nordic countries certifying products with low environmental impact.

Notched Lapel – Lapel with a small cut-out (“notch”) at the join between collar and lapel, common in blazers and suits.

Notching – Small cuts in fabric edges serving as alignment guides during sewing.

Notions – Small sewing supplies such as thread, hooks, zippers, and snaps.

Novelty Yarn – Yarns created for unique appearance or texture, e.g., boucle, slub, chenille.

NSF Content Claim Standard (CCS) – Certification ensuring accuracy of material content claims in supply chains.

Nubuck – Top-grain leather lightly sanded on the grain side to produce a soft, velvety finish.

NVOCC (Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier) – Ocean freight intermediary issuing house bills of lading.

O

OB (Operation Bulletin) – Detailed list of sewing/assembly operations, machine classes, and standard times.

Obi Belt – Wide sash-style belt inspired by traditional Japanese dress.

OBP (Ocean-Bound Plastic) Certification – Verifies use of recycled packaging materials sourced from ocean-bound plastics.

Obsolescence Management – Supply chain practice for phasing out ageing SKUs, trims, or materials while minimising waste and cost.

OCS (Organic Content Standard) – Certification tracking organic fibre content and verifying its presence in final products.

ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) – Factory that develops designs and produces under a brand label, with buyers adopting the manufacturer’s designs.

OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) – Factory producing goods to a buyer’s design and specifications.

OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) – Composite metric of machine efficiency combining availability, performance, and quality.

OEKO-TEX® Certifications – Standards ensuring textile safety and responsibility: Standard 100 – Tests textiles for harmful substances., Eco Passport – Certifies chemical inputs (dyes, auxiliaries, finishes) as safe., Leather Standard – Tests leather goods against chemical safety levels., MADE IN GREEN – Label for safe textiles produced under environmentally and socially responsible conditions, with supply chain traceability., STeP (Sustainable Textile & Leather Production) – Factory-level certification for sustainable and responsible processes., Responsible Business – Management system certification for corporate responsibility.

Off-Price Retail – Channel selling past-season or overstock items at discounted prices.

Off-the-Shoulder – Neckline style exposing shoulders while encircling the upper arms.

Offshoring – Relocating production to distant, often lower-cost countries.

Ombre – Gradual blending of one colour into another.

Omnichannel Retail – Retail strategy integrating physical and digital channels into a seamless customer experience.

Omnichannel Experience – Unified brand experience across online and offline touchpoints.

Omnichannel Platforms – Systems connecting physical retail with online operations.

Omnichannel Customer Support – Integrated service via phone, chat, social, and in-store.

OMS (Order Management System) – Coordinates inventory, fulfilment, and delivery.

OMS / WMS / TMS – Integrated systems for order, warehouse, and transport management.

On-Demand Manufacturing – Production triggered only after orders are received, reducing inventory waste.

On-Demand Microfactories – Small, automated hubs near consumers.

On-Demand Sourcing – Ordering smaller fabric lots with faster turnaround.

Open Account – Trade credit where goods are shipped before payment, creating risk for sellers. D/P / D/A Terms – Variants where banks secure collection.

Open Innovation – Collaboration beyond company boundaries with universities, startups, and consumers.

Open-to-Buy (OTB) – Budget control tool monitoring available funds for new inventory purchases against planned budgets.

Organic Cotton – Cotton grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilisers.

OTD (On-Time Delivery) – KPI tracking orders delivered by promised dates.

OTIF (On-Time In-Full) – Supplier performance metric measuring delivery completeness and punctuality.

Outerwear Membrane (PU/PTFE) – Barrier film used in waterproof and breathable garments.

Outlet Store – Retail location selling discounted merchandise, often past-season, overstock, or returned goods.

Overcoat – Long, heavy coat designed to be worn over clothing for warmth.

Overdyeing – Applying dye over pre-dyed fabric to alter or enhance colour.

Overhead – Indirect costs (utilities, rent, administration) allocated across production.

Overlock (Serger) Machine & Stitches – Machine and stitch type that trims and finishes fabric edges simultaneously with looping threads, preventing fraying and allowing stretch.

Overlocked Edge – Fabric edge finished using overlock stitches.

Overprint – Printing designs over already dyed fabric.

Overstock / Understock Risk – Financial and operational risk of tied-up capital in excess inventory or lost sales due to shortages.

Oxfords – Lace-up shoes with closed lacing system.

Ozone Wash – Low-water, eco-friendly denim finishing process using ozone gas.

P

Packable Garment – Lightweight item designed to fold into a compact size for storage or travel.

Packable Hood – Hood that can be folded and stored in the collar or a pocket.

Pocketable Jacket – Outerwear designed to fold into its own pocket.

Packaging (Sustainable) – Use of recyclable, compostable, or certified materials in packaging.

Packing Department – Folding, tagging, and packaging finished garments.

Packing Machine – Equipment for folding, bagging, and boxing garments.

Pad Dyeing – Dyeing method where fabric passes through a dye bath and is squeezed through rollers for even absorption.

Pakistan Accord – Extension of the International Accord, focusing on worker safety in Pakistan’s textile industry.

Pandemic Response Protocols – Health measures and flexible supply chain strategies to address global crises.

Pantone Color of the Year – Annual colour forecast influencing design and fashion palettes.

PMS (Pantone Matching System) – Standardised colour-matching system.

Paradox of Choice – Consumer dissatisfaction caused by excessive options.

Parametric Design – Algorithm-driven design enabling rapid iterations and custom fits.

Paris – Fashion capital synonymous with haute couture and luxury maisons.

Parsons School of Design – U.S. fashion school known for design and innovation.

Polimoda – Italian institute specialising in fashion design, business, and marketing.

Part-Time & Seasonal Work – Flexible staffing model common in retail and peak periods.

Partial Lining – Lining covering only key areas (e.g., shoulders, chest) to reduce garment weight.

Passementerie – Ornamental trimmings such as braids, cords, and tassels.

Patch Pocket – Pocket made from an extra fabric piece sewn onto the garment exterior.

Patchwork – Decorative technique joining contrasting fabric pieces.

Patent – Protection for new inventions or processes (e.g., technical fabrics).

Patent Leather – Leather finished with a glossy, lacquered coating.

Pattern Development – Process of creating garment patterns from sketches or blocks.

Pattern Maker – Drafts garment patterns manually or digitally.

Pattern-Making Software – Digital tools (e.g., Gerber, Lectra).

PDM (Product Data Management) – System organising technical product data, often integrated with PLM.

Peach Finish (Peaching) – Soft, suede-like surface created by sanding the fabric face.

Peaked Lapel – Lapel with points angled upward, often on formal jackets.

PEF (Product Environmental Footprint) – EU method for measuring life-cycle product impacts.

PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) – Certification ensuring sustainable forest-based products.

Pelts – Animal skins with fur still attached, used in fur garments.

Peplum – Short, flared panel at waist or hem for added volume.

Perceived Value – Consumer assessment of product worth relative to cost.

Performance Testing – Lab evaluation of fabric properties (e.g., shrinkage, abrasion, colourfastness).

Personal Shopping – One-on-one styling and curated product selection, in-store or online.

Peter Pan Collar – Flat, rounded collar lying against the neckline.

Petite / Tall Adjustments – Pattern adjustments for different height categories.

PFMEA / Control Plan Linkage – Mapping potential failures to process controls for risk management.

Phase-Change Materials (PCM) – Textiles that absorb and release heat for thermal regulation.

PhD in Fashion/Textiles – Doctoral research in fashion design, textiles, sustainability, or culture.

Phygital Fashion – Blending physical garments with digital assets (e.g., NFT + product).

PI (Proforma Invoice) – Preliminary invoice confirming order details before a purchase order.

Piece Dyeing – Dyeing finished fabric rolls.

Pigment Printing – Printing with pigments fixed by binders onto fabric surfaces.

Pilling / Anti-Pilling – Formation of small fibre balls due to abrasion; controlled by fibre choice and finishing.

PIM / DAM / MDM – Systems managing product, asset, and master data.

PIMU (Value-Added Services) – Services like kitting, tagging, or steaming.

Piñatex® – Sustainable leather alternative made from pineapple leaf fibres.

Piping – Narrow corded trim sewn into seams for decorative definition.

Piqué Knit – Textured knit with raised patterns (e.g., honeycomb), often used in polo shirts.

Piqué / Rib / Interlock – Variations of knit structures with different stretch and texture.

Pitti Uomo – Leading menswear trade fair in Florence.

Placement Print / Engineered Print – Print positioned precisely to the garment pattern rather than as an all-over repeat.

Plain Seam – Basic seam joining two fabric pieces, right sides together.

Plain Weave – Simplest weave with alternating weft over/under warp.

Planogram – Visual merchandising layout optimising product placement in-store.

Platform Ecosystems – Digital marketplaces connecting suppliers, designers, and consumers.

Platform Sole – Thick sole elevating the entire shoe.

Pleats – Fabric folds stitched or pressed for decoration or shaping. Functional Pleat – Adds ease of motion (e.g., at shoulders or back). Pleated Skirt – Skirt design with pleats for volume and texture.

PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) – Software managing apparel design, development, and production data.

Plus-Size / Extended Sizing – Apparel ranges designed for larger body types.

Ply (Cutting) – Number of fabric layers stacked during cutting.

PO (Purchase Order) – Binding document instructing suppliers to deliver specified goods.

Podcast – Audio program discussing fashion business, culture, or history.

Point Collar – Standard shirt collar with elongated, pointed tips.

POS (Point of Sale) – System handling retail transactions.

POS Display – Promotional display near checkout areas.

Poka-Yoke – Error-proofing method preventing mistakes in production.

POM (Points of Measurement) – Standard garment measurement points.

Poncho – South American-origin outer garment with central opening, draped over shoulders.

Pop-Up Store – Temporary retail space for launches, testing markets, or brand activations.

Post-Human Fashion – Concepts exploring clothing for cyborgs, space, or bio-augmented futures.

Power Suit – Tailored silhouette symbolising empowerment, particularly for women in workplaces.

PP Meeting (Pre-Production Meeting) – Cross-team alignment on production risks and requirements.

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) – Safety gear required in factories.

PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) – Economic measure comparing consumer purchasing power across countries.

PPS (Pre-Production Sample) – Final approved sample before bulk production.

PSI (Pre-Shipment Inspection) – Final quality inspection (AQL) of finished goods before dispatch.

PR (Public Relations) – Brand promotion and media management.

PR Agent / Specialist – Manages brand exposure through media and influencer outreach.

PR Crises – Negative events damaging consumer trust.

Pre-Fall Shows – Transitional fashion collections shown between seasons.

Predictive Analytics – AI/data models forecasting demand, lead times, and consumer behaviour.

Predictive Consumer AI – Anticipates customer trends before articulated.

Predictive Maintenance – Uses AI/data to detect and prevent machine failures.

Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) – Trade pacts reducing duties between countries.

Première Vision – Leading textile and fabric trade show in Paris.

Premium Market – Segment offering elevated quality and pricing, more accessible than luxury.

Presentation Format – Display of garments on mannequins or static setups instead of runway.

Pressing / Ironing – Using heat/steam to set garment shape and remove wrinkles.

Pressing Machine – Equipment applying steam or heat for pressing garments.

Prêt-à-Porter (Ready-to-Wear) – Designer clothing produced in standard sizes, more accessible than couture.

Price Sensitivity – Degree to which consumer demand changes with price variations.

Princess Seam – Long vertical seam shaping a garment over bust and waist, providing fit without darts.

Private Label – Products manufactured and sold under a retailer’s own brand.

Product Stewardship – Approach where manufacturers, retailers, and partners take responsibility for social and environmental impacts across a product’s lifecycle.

Product-as-a-Service (PaaS) – Subscription or leasing models for apparel.

Production Dashboard – Digital tool tracking manufacturing progress, efficiency, and bottlenecks.

Production Manager – Oversees factory operations, timelines, and quality.

Progressive Bundle System (PBS) – Traditional sewing line system where bundles move through operators who repeat specific tasks.

Prop 65 (California Proposition 65) – Regulation requiring disclosure of chemicals known to cause harm.

Prop 65 / REACH Annex XVII – Chemical restrictions affecting market access.

Prototype / Sample Stages – Early garment development phases:

Prototype / First Sample – Initial design test for fit and construction.

SMS (Salesman Sample) – Sample for selling to buyers.

Pre-Production Sample (PPS) – Final approved sample before bulk.

Provenance Platforms – Tech platforms providing supply chain transparency and product traceability.

Psychological Pricing – Pricing strategies (e.g., $9.99) used to influence buying behaviour.

PU / TPU Coating – Polyurethane coatings enhancing fabric durability and performance.

Public–Private Partnerships – Collaborations between governments and companies for innovation and sustainability.

Pulitzer Prize (Criticism) – Prestigious award occasionally recognising fashion writing.

Pull-Up Leather – Oiled or waxed leather that lightens when stretched.

Punch (Die Cutting) – Male component of a die set pressing into a female die to cut or shape materials.

Punk – Rebellious style with ripped clothing, studs, leather, and safety pins.

Purchase Intention Rate – Percentage of consumers indicating likelihood to buy.

Put-Up – Roll or bolt packaging specification for fabric.

Q

QA (Quality Assurance) – Preventive processes and systems that ensure defects are avoided before production or shipment.

QC (Quality Control) – Inspections and tests confirming product compliance with specifications.

QC Checklist – Document listing inspection points for a given style.

QC Tools (7 Classic) – Common problem-solving tools: cause-and-effect diagram, check sheet, control chart, histogram, Pareto chart, scatter diagram, and stratification.

Quality Control Inspector – Person responsible for checking fabrics, trims, and finished garments for defects.

Quality Failures – High defect rates leading to rework, delays, or recalls.

QMS (Quality Management System) – Formal framework ensuring consistent quality through documented processes, audits, and continuous improvement.

Qualitative Forecasting – Forecasting method based on expert opinions, fashion shows, and trend insights.

Quantitative Forecasting – Forecasting method using statistical models such as time series or regression.

Quick Response (QR) – Supply chain model enabling fast replenishment of best-sellers and reduced lead times.

Quick Response Manufacturing (QRM) – System designed to shorten lead times across the entire supply chain, not just replenishment.

Quilting – Stitched construction joining fabric layers with insulation in between, creating padded sections that trap air for warmth.

R

Racetrack Layout – Guided pathway that takes customers through a loop in-store, maximizing exposure to products.

Raglan Sleeve – Sleeve cut in one piece extending to the collar with diagonal seams from underarm to neckline.

Random Sampling Inspection – Quality check using a statistically selected portion of goods.

Rank Loop – Functional tab on uniforms for displaying insignia or rank.

Rapid Prototyping – Fast creation of samples using digital tools or additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing for trims, accessories, or garments).

Raw Edge Hem – Unfinished hem left raw or deliberately frayed for a distressed look.

Raw Material Inspection (RMI) – Incoming checks on fabrics and trims before production.

RCS (Recycled Claim Standard) – Certification verifying recycled content in textiles and finished products.

RDS / RWS / RMS / RAS – Animal welfare standards covering down, wool, mohair, and alpaca fibres.

Responsible Wool Standard (RWS) – Certifies wool farms for animal welfare, land management, and supply chain traceability.

REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) – EU regulation ensuring safe chemical use in textiles and consumer goods.

Reactive Dyes – Dyes that form covalent bonds with fibres for strong wash-fastness.

Real-Time Data Capture – Using barcodes, RFID, or trackers to monitor work-in-progress.

Recommendation Engine – AI-driven system personalising product suggestions for consumers.

Recovery Time Objective (RTO) – Target time for restoring operations after a disruption.

Recyclable Mono-Materials – Single-fibre fabrics designed for easier recycling.

Recycled & Upcycled Fabrics – Materials made from textile waste or post-consumer garments.

Recycled Polyester (rPET) – Polyester fibre from plastic bottles or textile waste.

Regenerated Fibres – Fibres created from recycled sources (e.g., regenerated nylon/Econyl®).

Recycled Content % (PCW/PIW) – Share of inputs from post-consumer or post-industrial sources.

Regenerative Agriculture Fibres – Raw materials grown on farms that restore ecosystems.

Regenerative Textiles – Fabrics intentionally designed to support ecosystem regeneration (e.g., algae-based fibres).

Reinforced Seams – Seams strengthened with extra stitching or backing for durability.

Relaxed Fit – Garment silhouette with ease and comfort, allowing movement.

Remote & Hybrid Work – Flexible work models supported by digital collaboration tools.

Renaissance Dress – Historic, opulent garments from the 14th–17th centuries.

Rendering – Creation of realistic digital garment images from 3D design data.

Renewable Energy Usage % – Proportion of manufacturing energy sourced from renewables.

Rental / Resale Models – Circular business models extending product lifecycles.

Rental / Clothing-as-a-Service – Short-term garment leasing.

Rental Platforms – Online rental marketplaces (e.g., Rent the Runway).

Resale / Recommerce – Platforms enabling secondhand apparel trade (e.g., ThredUp, Vestiaire, The RealReal).

Resale Platform Partnerships – Brand collaborations with resale marketplaces.

Rental & Resale Spending – Consumer budget share shifting toward circular models.

Repair Economy – Systems supporting repair, customisation, and longevity of garments.

Repair & Alteration Services – Brand-supported tailoring and repair.

Repair & Maintenance Programs – Ongoing care services to extend product life.

Research Consortia – Collaborative groups across companies or institutions addressing systemic challenges (e.g., recycling).

Reshore / Nearshore / Onshore – Sourcing strategies relocating production closer to end markets.

Resilience Scorecard – Assessment tool measuring supply chain disruption readiness.

Resist Printing – Dyeing technique using wax, paste, or chemicals to block dye uptake in selected areas (e.g., batik, tie-dye).

Resort / Cruise Collections – Mid-season designer collections often tied to travel/leisure.

Responsible Care – Global chemical industry initiative promoting safe manufacturing and product stewardship.

Restocking Fee – Charge applied to customer returns to cover handling costs.

Restricted Substances List (RSL) – List of banned/restricted chemicals in textiles, used by brands or regulators to ensure compliance.

Retail – Selling products directly to end consumers via physical or digital stores.

Retail Manager – Oversees store or chain operations.

Retail Saturation – Market oversupply exceeding consumer demand.

Retailtainment – Blending entertainment and retail (e.g., concerts, installations).

Return Merchandise Authorisation (RMA) – Formal approval process for product returns.

Return Rate – Percentage of items returned.

Return Reasons Analysis – Categorisation of reasons for returns (fit, damage, quality).

Return Window – Specified time frame for returns.

Revenge Spending – Post-crisis surge in luxury or discretionary purchases.

Reverse Logistics – Process of managing product returns, recycling, and resale.

Reverse Logistics Platform – Tech-enabled systems for return flows.

Reversible Garment – Constructed for wear on both sides with finished interiors.

Rework – Corrective processes for defective garments.

RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) – Tagging technology enabling inventory tracking, supply chain visibility, and smart checkout.

RFID & NFC Tags – Advanced identifiers used for real-time garment tracking.

RFID Checkout – Automated checkout using RFID.

RFID Data Tracking – Continuous monitoring of product flows.

RFT (Right First Time) – Quality metric tracking percentage of garments that pass inspection defect-free without rework.

Rib Knit – Fabric structure with alternating knit and purl columns, providing elasticity (common in cuffs/collars).

Rib / Binding / Neck Tape – Knit trims used to finish garment edges.

Risk Heatmap – Visual tool ranking risks by likelihood and impact.

Risk Probability & Impact Matrix – Framework prioritising risks systematically.

Robotic Material Handling – Use of robots to move fabrics or goods in factories.

Robotics in Apparel – Automated systems for sewing, cutting, or warehouse operations.

Rolled Hem – Very narrow hem where fabric is rolled and stitched, common in lightweight fabrics.

ROO (Rules of Origin) – Criteria defining a product’s eligibility under trade agreements.

Root Cause Analysis (RCA) – Investigation method to identify underlying reasons for defects.

Rotary Screen Printing – Continuous screen-printing process using cylindrical screens.

Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp – Belgian fashion school known for avant-garde designers (“Antwerp Six”).

RTM (Route to Market) – Distribution path from production to consumer.

Ruffled Hem / Ruffles – Trim created by gathering or pleating fabric for a frilled effect.

Runway Shows & Reviews – Presentation and analysis of fashion collections.

Runway Show / Catwalk – Live presentation of designer collections.

Runway Review – Written or visual critique of shows.

Runway Trends – Key styles and themes emerging from seasonal collections.

S

SA8000 – Leading global social accountability standard ensuring decent workplace conditions and human rights. BSCI / WRAP / SMETA – Other widely used social-compliance audit frameworks.

Safety Stock (Buffer Inventory) – Extra inventory kept to absorb demand or supply shocks and prevent stockouts.

Sailor Collar – Broad, flat collar with a square back, inspired by naval uniforms.

Sales & Operations Planning (S&OP) – Process aligning demand forecasts with production, sourcing, and inventory.

Sales per Square Foot – Retail productivity measure.

Sales Representative (Showroom Rep) – Represents brands to wholesale or retail buyers.

Salesman Sample (SMS) – Sample created for use in sales meetings, showrooms, and trade shows.

Sample Development – Making prototype garments for evaluation.

Sample Maker – Produces prototypes from patterns.

Sample Room – Dedicated space for creating samples.

Sample Size Code Letter – AQL reference for inspection sample size.

Sample Types – Proto, Fit, SMS, PPS, TOP (progression through development to bulk).

Sealed Sample – Approved reference sample used as production standard.

Sandals – Open footwear with straps across the foot.

Sanforisation (Sanforization) – Mechanical pre-shrinkage process improving fabric dimensional stability.

Sanforizing Machine – Equipment for controlled pre-shrinking.

SAP (SPI – Stitches Per Inch) – Measure of stitch density.

Sari – South Asian garment consisting of a draped fabric.

SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board) – Industry-specific standards for ESG reporting.

Sash – Long decorative fabric belt tied at the waist.

Satchel – Structured bag with flap and top handle.

Satin Weave – Weave with long floats creating smooth, lustrous fabric.

Satisfaction Surveys (NPS, CSAT) – Tools measuring customer experience.

SBTi (Science Based Targets initiative) – Partnership validating corporate climate targets aligned with the Paris Agreement.

SCADA Systems – Supervisory software for monitoring and controlling production.

Scalloped Edge / Hem – Decorative trim or hem shaped in rounded, repeating curves.

Scandinavian Fashion – Minimalist design with functional and sustainable focus.

Scarcity Effect – Increased desirability due to limited editions or low stock.

Scenario Planning – Modelling risks, testing demand/supply scenarios, and planning responses.

Scene Dressing – Styles tied to music or art-based communities (e.g., rave, emo, indie).

SCM (Supply Chain Management) – End-to-end coordination of sourcing, production, and logistics.

Scoop Neck – Wide U-shaped neckline.

Scope 1, 2, 3 Emissions – Greenhouse gas categories under the GHG Protocol: direct operations, purchased energy, and supply chain/consumer use.

Screen Printing – Printing designs by pushing colour through mesh stencils. Rotary Printing / Digital Printing – Alternative fabric printing methods. Sublimation Printing – Heat-transfer dyeing for polyester fabrics. Solution Printing – Applying designs during fibre extrusion.

Strike-Off – Small print sample for colour/print approval.

SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) – 17 UN goals guiding sustainability efforts, widely used in CSR.

Seam Terminology

Seam Allowance / Ease – Extra fabric for construction and comfort.

Seam Class (ISO 4916) – International seam classification.

Seam Sealing Machine – Bonds seams in waterproof garments.

Seam Slippage / Pucker – Performance and appearance issues.

Seam Strength Test – Test for seam durability.

Stay Stitching – Row of stitches along curves to prevent stretching.

Seasonal Collection – Line designed for a particular season (Spring/Summer, Fall/Winter).

Seasonal Planning – Forecast adjustments for seasonality.

Sedex (Supplier Ethical Data Exchange) – Global platform for sharing responsible sourcing data.

Sedex SMETA – Widely used audit methodology.

Sedimentation / ETP – Effluent treatment processes in textiles.

See Now, Buy Now – Instant retail model where runway looks are immediately shoppable.

Self-Belt – Belt made from the same garment fabric.

Self-Cleaning Fabrics – Nano-finishes enabling dirt/liquid repellence.

Self-Expression – Using clothing to project identity or values.

Selfie Fashion – Dressing primarily for digital representation.

Sell-Through Rate – Percentage of stock sold versus received; key retail KPI.

Sell-Through Benchmarking – Comparing velocity across markets.

Semi-Aniline Leather – Dyed leather with light protective coating.

Semiotics of Fashion – Study of clothing as a system of signs.

Sensory Branding – Using touch, scent, sound in retail to shape experience.

Sentiment Analysis – AI-driven analysis of consumer opinions.

Sequins – Small reflective discs sewn to garments for sparkle.

Set-In Sleeve – Sleeve sewn into an armhole with traditional shoulder seam.

Sewbots – Automated sewing robots for stitching tasks.

SFA Sustainable Cashmere Standard – Certification for ethical and sustainable cashmere sourcing.

Shade Band – Approved colour range.

Shade Banding – Variation across batches.

Shade Sorting – Grouping garments by shade consistency.

Shape-Memory Fabrics – Materials returning to preset shapes when stimulated.

Shared Manufacturing Facilities – Factories serving multiple brands with flexible capacity.

Shawl Collar – Continuous curved lapel without notches, common on tuxedos.

Shearling – Lambskin with fleece intact.

Ship-from-Store – Fulfilling online orders from store inventory.

Shop Floor Management (SFM) – Real-time monitoring of production efficiency.

Short Sleeve – Sleeve ending above the elbow.

Shoulder Tab – Strap detail on shoulder, sometimes buttoned.

Showroom – Space for buyers or press to view collections.

Shrinkage – Reduction in fabric dimensions post-wash/finishing.

Shrinkage Allowance – Extra added in cutting to offset.

Shrinkage Rate / Residual Shrinkage – Expected shrinkage percentage.

Shrinkage Test / Tester – Method/instrument measuring shrinkage.

Side-Seam Pocket – Pocket built into a side seam, invisible externally.

Silhouette Fit – Overall garment outline (slim, regular, oversized).

Singeing – Surface fibre removal for smooth finishes.

Single-Sourcing Risk – Dependence on one supplier/region.

Size Inconsistency – Differences in sizing between brands.

Size Run – Full set of sizes produced.

Size Set Samples – Range of sample garments across sizes to verify grading.

Standard Sizing – XS–XL or numeric systems based on averages.

Skill Development Programs – Training in technical, creative, or managerial areas.

SKU (Stock Keeping Unit) – Unique identifier for each product variant.

SKU Analytics – Performance analysis by SKU.

SLA (Service Level Agreement) – Contract/KPI framework defining delivery, quality, and responsiveness.

SLCP (Social & Labour Convergence Program) – Converged labour and compliance assessment framework.

Sleeveless – Garment without sleeves.

Slide Fastener – Adjustable strap fastener.

Slide Sandals – Open-toe sandals without back strap.

Slit (Vent) – Opening in hemline for style or movement.

Slow Fashion Movement – Philosophy prioritising quality, longevity, and mindful consumption.

Smart Contracts – Blockchain-based automated agreements.

Smart Energy Management – IoT systems optimising resources.

Smart Mirrors – Interactive mirrors for try-on or recommendations.

Smart Shelving & Inventory – Sensor-enabled stock management.

Smart Textiles / Wearable Tech – Fabrics with embedded sensors/electronics.

Smart Wardrobes – Connected systems managing clothing usage.

SMED (Single-Minute Exchange of Die) – Changeover-time reduction method.

Smithsonian Costume Institute – Museum archive and research resource.

SMV (Standard Minute Value) – Time standard for garment operations (SMV/SAM).

Snap Fastener (Press Stud) – Closure of interlocking discs; includes snap closures and snap-on extensions.

Sneakers / Trainers – Casual shoes inspired by athletic footwear.

Snow Skirt (Powder Skirt) – Inner barrier in ski jackets preventing snow entry.

Social Belonging – Aligning clothing with peer/cultural groups.

Social Commerce – Shopping directly via social platforms.

Social Dialogue – Worker–management communication mechanisms.

Social Listening Tools – Tracking social mentions to spot trends.

Social Proof – Influence of peer approval/reviews.

Solid Pack vs PPK (Pre-Pack) – Carton packing types: single size per carton vs. mixed ratios.

Solidaridad – NGO supporting ethical and sustainable sourcing.

SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) – Documented process ensuring consistency.

Sourcing Hubs – Key global textile/production regions.

Sourcing Manager – Oversees supplier selection and management.

Space Dyeing – Multicolour yarn effect from intermittent dyeing.

Spectrophotometer – Instrument measuring precise colour values.

Spirality – Twisting distortion in knits after wash.

Split Leather – Lower hide layer finished to mimic top-grain.

SPQ (Standard Pack Quantity) – Pre-agreed packaging per carton.

Spread Collar – Collar with outward-angled points.

Spreading Machine – Automates laying fabric layers for cutting.

Spun Yarn – Yarn made by twisting staple fibres.

Square Neckline – Neckline forming a straight-edged square shape.

Stage-Gate Process – Sequential checkpoints ensuring readiness.

Standard Costing – Predetermined costs for planning and variance.

Statement Necklace – Bold necklace designed as focal piece.

Status & Prestige – Consuming luxury goods to signal success.

Stilettos – High heels with slender heel.

Stock Fabric – Supplier-held inventory of ready fabrics.

Stockout Rate – Frequency of products being unavailable.

Storm Cuff – Inner cuff preventing drafts.

Storm Flap – Fabric panel covering zippers for wind/rain protection.

Stow Pocket – Pocket designed for packing garment into itself.

Straight Hem – Hemline parallel to the floor.

Strap Tabs – Fabric or leather extensions used to adjust fit.

Strapless – Neckline without straps, supported internally.

Street Style – Fashion inspired by everyday wearers.

Street Style Photographer – Documents real-world fashion.

Streetwear – Casual, logo-driven urban youth style.

Stretch & Recovery – Fabric’s ability to elongate and return to shape.

Stretch Fabrics – Materials with elastane/lycra for mobility.

Studs & Rhinestones / Stud Earrings – Decorative embellishments or jewellery.

Style Blog – Fashion commentary and inspiration.

Style Forecast Calendar – Timeline of trend adoption.

Style Icon – Person recognised for shaping trends.

Styling Subscription Boxes – Curated clothing sent regularly.

Stylist – Curates clothing for editorial, commercial, or personal purposes.

Subcontracting – Authorised outsourcing of production processes.

Subcultural Style – Distinct styles tied to groups (e.g., punk, goth).

Subscription Box / Model – Recurring curated product delivery (e.g., Stitch Fix).

Suede – Leather made from underside of hide with napped finish.

Suffocation Warning (Polybag) – Required safety text on plastic packaging.

Supplier Compliance Rate – % meeting sustainability standards.

Supplier Reliability Index – Vendor risk scorecard.

Supplier Risk Audits – Assessments of supplier stability.

Supplier Scorecard – Dashboard evaluating delivery, quality, compliance.

Supply Agreement – Contract detailing production terms.

Supply Chain Analyst – Tracks logistics and costs.

Supply Chain Map – Visualisation of supply tiers/flows.

Supply Disruption – Interruptions due to disasters, strikes, politics.

Suspender / Braces – Straps worn over shoulders to hold trousers.

Sustainability Claims Verification – Requirement for substantiating eco claims.

Sustainability Officer – Ensures sustainable practices.

Sustainability Report / CSR Report – Disclosure of performance.

Sustainability Research – Studies into eco-fibres, recycling.

Sustainability Scorecard – Supplier evaluation tool.

Sustainable Apparel Coalition (SAC) – Industry group for sustainability metrics.

Sustainable Take-Back Programs – Integrating returns into recycling and resale.

SVHC – Substances of Very High Concern under REACH.

Swatch Book / Hanger – Fabric samples from mills or suppliers.

Sweetheart Neckline – Bust-accentuating neckline shaped like a heart.

Swing Ticket / Hangtag / Barcode Ticketing – Consumer-facing price/branding labels with scannable IDs.

Synthetic Insulation – Engineered fibres providing warmth, often as down alternatives.

T

Tailored Fit – Precisely cut silhouette that follows natural body contours using shaping seams and accurate cutting.

Tailoring Canvas – Structural fabric used in suiting to add shape and stability.

TAILR – Modular cloud OS unifying brands, mills, and factories across materials, colour, tech packs, timelines, compliance, and BI for first-time-right execution.

Take-Back Program – Brand/retailer initiative for customers to return used clothing for reuse, resale, or recycling.

Takt Time – Required production rate to meet customer demand.

Taped Seams – Waterproof tape applied over seams to prevent water ingress.

Target Costing – Designing a product to achieve a predetermined price and margin.

Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) – Import limits granting lower duties up to a set quota, higher rates beyond.

Tassel – Bundle of threads/fibres tied at one end, used decoratively.

Tax-Free Shopping – Duty-free purchasing, common in travel retail/luxury.

TCFD – Climate-risk and financial disclosure framework.

TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) – Full lifecycle cost (purchase, logistics, quality, compliance, end-of-life).

Tear Strength – Resistance to propagation of a cut/tear.

Tensile/Burst/Seam Strength – Fabric/seam strength under pull or pressure; verified via standard tests; Tensile Strength Tester measures tensile force.

Tech Pack (Technical Package) – Complete digital specification for manufacturing (measurements with tolerances, materials, construction, trims, BOM, costs, QC history, SKUs/barcodes).

Technical Designer – Translates creative intent into manufacturable specs; safeguards fit and feasibility.

Temperature-Regulating Fabrics – Textiles that adapt to body/climate (incl. Phase-Change Materials).

Tencel® (Lyocell) – Regenerated fibre from wood pulp, closed-loop processed.

Tendering – Fabric damage from chemicals/heat.

Textile Designer – Creates fabric patterns/weaves/prints.

Textile Exchange – Non-profit driving standards and research.

Textile Recycling – Mechanical or chemical fibre recovery from used garments.

Textile Science – Study of fibre properties, performance, and innovation.

Texworld – International fabric sourcing event.

The Business of Fashion (BoF) – Platform for industry analysis and commentary.

Thermal Conductivity – Material’s heat-transfer property affecting insulation.

Thinsulate® / Technical Fills – Branded high-performance insulations for outerwear.

Third-Party Inspection / Verification – Independent audits/inspections of goods or reported metrics (e.g., SGS, Intertek).

Thread Lubrication / Finish – Thread treatments (e.g., silicone) influencing sewing speed, heat, and seam quality.

Thread Ticket/Count – Classification of sewing-thread thickness.

Thread Trimming – Removing loose threads before finishing.

Three-Quarter Sleeve – Sleeve ending mid-forearm.

Throughput Time – Total time from start of production to finished garment.

Tie-Dye – Resist dyeing by tying/folding to create irregular patterns.

Tiered Rewards – Loyalty structures with escalating perks.

Tiered Skirt – Skirt built from multiple gathered horizontal panels.

Tiers (1/2/3) – Supply-chain levels: finished goods / materials / raw inputs.

Time & Action (T&A) – Timeline of key production milestones.

Time-to-Market Reduction – Faster launches via collaboration/process optimisation.

TMS (Transport Management System) – Plans and executes freight movements.

Toggle / Toggle Closure – Rod-shaped fastener pulled through a loop (e.g., duffle coats).

Tokyo (fashion ecosystem) – Avant-garde + streetwear fusion; supported by the Tokyo Fashion Council.

Tolerance – Permissible deviation from a specified measurement/standard.

TOP (Top of Production) – Sample taken from the first bulk output.

Top-Grain Leather – Grain side lightly sanded/buffed for uniformity.

Topstitching – Visible, often decorative stitching that can reinforce seams.

Tote Bag – Large open-top bag with parallel handles.

Traceability – Ability to track a product’s journey through all tiers for compliance/sustainability; includes Traceable Leather with known origin/supply chain.

Trade Compliance – Ensuring shipments conform to import/export regulations.

Trade Dress – Legal protection for the distinctive look of a product/packaging.

Trade Finance – Financial instruments supporting cross-border trade (e.g., factoring, export credit).

Trademark – Protects brand identifiers (names, logos, symbols).

Trading Houses / Agents – Intermediaries connecting brands with mills/factories.

Trading Up / Trading Down – Consumer shifts between premium and value tiers based on economics.

Traditional Dress Revivals – Modern reinterpretations of kimono, sari, dashiki, poncho, etc.

Training ROI – Measure of performance improvement versus training investment.

Transit Test (ISTA) – Simulated shipping tests validating packaging protection.

Trench Coat – Waterproof, belted coat with military origins.

Trend Forecaster / Forecasting – Analyses culture/consumers to predict style/colour/fabric/lifestyle shifts.

Trend Report – Summary of seasonal styles, colours, themes.

Trickle-Down – From elites to mass consumers.

Trickle-Up – From street/subcultures to high fashion.

Trickle-Across – Spreads simultaneously across social groups.

Trim / Trimmings – Functional/decorative components (buttons, zips, elastics, tapes, braids, fringes, ribbons).

Trim Cards – Sample boards for approval.

Trunk Show – Private/DTC event where customers or buyers preview and order upcoming collections.

TT (Telegraphic Transfer) – International wire payment method.

Turnaround Time (TAT) – Time required to complete a process/order.

TÜV SÜD Biodegradable Packaging Certification – Certification for industrial compostability of packaging.

Twill / Satin / Plain Weave – Fundamental woven constructions; Twill shows diagonal ridges.

Two-in-One Garment – Single piece serving dual functions (e.g., poncho → blanket).

Two-Way Zipper – Zipper that opens from both ends (coats, luggage).

U

UFLPA (Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act) – U.S. law enforcing supply-chain traceability and blocking goods made with forced labour.

UL Certification – Product-safety certification, often applied to functional components (e.g., zippers, trims, electronics).

Understocking – Insufficient inventory leading to lost sales and poor customer experience.

UNGC (United Nations Global Compact) – Voluntary UN initiative aligning businesses with principles on human rights, labour, environment, and anti-corruption.

Uniform & Dress Codes – Institutional rules governing clothing to signal authority, role, or tradition.

Union Dyeing – Dyeing different fibres to the same shade for a uniform appearance.

Unionised Workforce – Employees represented by labour unions in collective bargaining.

Unit Production System (UPS) – Computer-controlled overhead conveyor system that automatically moves garment parts between operators/stations.

Units per Transaction (UPT) – Average number of items purchased per sale.

University Partnerships – Brand–academia collaborations on research in textiles, sustainability, or design.

UOM (Unit of Measure) – Standard unit used for purchasing and inventory (e.g., m, kg, pc).

Upcycling – Repurposing waste, returned, or old materials into new, higher-value products.

UPF (Ultraviolet Protection Factor) – Rating indicating a fabric’s ability to block UV radiation.

UPMADE® – Certification for industrial upcycling with verified traceability and circularity.

Upsell / Cross-sell – Retail techniques to increase basket size by adding or upgrading items.

Upskilling & Reskilling – Training workers to adapt to new technologies, roles, or processes.

USMCA (United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement) – Trade agreement shaping North American apparel sourcing and rules of origin.

Utility & Function – Purchasing based on comfort, protection, or performance attributes.

Utility Consumption (Energy Intensity) – Environmental KPI tracking energy use per garment/unit (e.g., kWh/unit).

UV-Protective Textiles – Fabrics engineered or treated to block harmful UV, often labelled with UPF ratings.

V

V-Neck – Neckline shaped like the letter “V,” dipping toward the chest.

Value Retailing – Budget-conscious retail formats (e.g., discount, fast fashion, or outlet stores).

Vanity Sizing – Practice of labelling garments with smaller sizes than their true measurements to appeal to consumers.

Variable Costing – Accounting method including only variable production costs in product calculations.

VAS (Value-Added Services) – Extra services at distribution centres, such as tagging, steaming, kitting, or special packaging.

Vat Dyeing – Immersing fabrics in large dye baths for deep, uniform coloration.

Vegan Leather – Animal-free alternatives to leather, often made from PU, PVC, or bio-based sources.

Vegan-Certified Materials – Fabrics verified as non-animal and cruelty-free by certification schemes.

Vegetable-Tanned Leather – Leather processed using plant-based tannins, producing a natural finish that ages over time.

Velcro (Hook-and-Loop Closure) – Fastening system with small hooks and loops, widely used in footwear, bags, and adjustable garments.

Velvet – Dense cut-pile fabric with a soft, smooth surface and lustrous appearance.

Vendor Collaboration – Working with suppliers/factories to co-develop designs, prototypes, or solutions.

Vendor Compliance – Supplier adherence to buyer requirements on quality, packaging, labelling, safety, or ethics.

Vendor Manual – Documentation outlining supplier requirements for compliance, quality, and logistics.

Vendor Non-Compliance – Failure of a supplier to meet agreed standards on quality, safety, or ethics.

Vendor Scorecard – Tool for evaluating supplier performance across delivery, quality, compliance, and cost. Vendor Scorecard Review – Formal performance review meeting with suppliers.

Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) – Inventory replenishment model where the supplier monitors and manages stock levels for the retailer.

Ventilation – Garment design features (mesh panels, grommets, vents, or zippers) that increase airflow and regulate body temperature.

Verified Claim (Material) – Sustainability or origin claim validated by an independent certification.

Vertical Integration – When a company controls multiple supply chain stages (e.g., spinning → fabric → garment → retail).

Vertical Mills – Textile producers managing spinning, weaving/knitting, and finishing in-house.

Victoria & Albert Museum (V&A) – London museum with one of the world’s leading fashion and textile collections.

Victorian Fashion – 19th-century style characterised by corsets, bustles, and elaborate trims.

VIP Membership – Paid or exclusive programs offering members-only benefits and services.

Virtual Fashion / Digital Clothing – Clothing designed to exist only digitally, used in gaming, social media, or metaverse platforms.

Virtual Fit Models – Digital avatars used in CAD to simulate garment fit.

Virtual Fit Session – Digital garment fitting on avatars to review proportions before sampling.

Virtual Sampling – Use of 3D CAD/digital prototypes to replace or reduce physical samples, cutting waste and lead time.

Virtual Showrooms – Immersive or online platforms where collections are showcased digitally to buyers or consumers.

Virtual Storefront – 3D digital retail environment replicating a physical store.

Virtual Styling – Online styling consultations via chat, video, or augmented reality platforms.

Visual Merchandiser – Person responsible for designing in-store displays to attract shoppers and drive sales.

Visual Merchandising (VM) – Strategic arrangement of store displays, layouts, mannequins, lighting, and signage to maximise appeal. Visual Merchandising Stimuli – Elements like store design, lighting, and layout that influence consumer perception.

Vlog (Video Blog) – Fashion-related video content (e.g., hauls, reviews, styling tips) shared on digital platforms.

Vocational / Technical Diplomas – Practical training programs in fields like sewing, pattern making, or merchandising.

Vogue – Iconic global fashion magazine, highly influential in setting trends.

Voice Commerce – Shopping enabled through smart assistants like Alexa, Siri, or Google Assistant.

Voile – Lightweight, sheer woven fabric, usually cotton or polyester blends, with a crisp hand and smooth finish.

VR (Virtual Reality) Retail – Immersive shopping experiences replicating physical stores or runways in virtual environments. VR Fashion Showrooms / VR Showrooms – VR platforms where buyers and consumers explore collections digitally.

W

Waffle Fabric – A fabric with a recessed grid or honeycomb texture (woven or knitted), adding loft, absorbency, and insulation; used in towels, robes, and thermals.

Waffle Knit – Knit variation with a waffle-like grid, insulating and absorbent.

Waffle Weave – Woven variation with a honeycomb or square pattern enhancing absorbency.

Waist Cincher – A built-in mechanism (elastic, lacing, or panels) that tightens to shape or adjust the waist.

Waistband with Belt Loops – Waistband constructed with loops to hold a separate belt.

Waistline Darts – Vertical darts sewn from waist upward (toward bust) or downward (toward hips) to shape the garment to body curves.

Warehouse Management System (WMS) – Software tracking and optimising stock movement, storage, and order picking in warehouses or distribution centres.

Warp – Lengthwise yarns on a loom, held under tension and running parallel to the selvage.

Warp Construction – Describes warp yarn arrangement (density, pattern, etc.).

Warp Knit – Stable fabric made with vertically interlaced yarns (e.g., tricot).

Warping Machine – Equipment preparing yarns onto beams for weaving.

Warp Yarn / Weft Yarn – Distinct yarn directions in woven fabrics: warp runs lengthwise, weft crosswise.

Warranty / Guarantee – Brand promise to repair, replace, or refund products within a set period.

Washing Standards (ISO / AATCC) – Standardised test methods to evaluate garment wash performance (shrinkage, colorfastness, etc.).

Waste Diversion Rate – Percentage of waste diverted from landfill through recycling, reuse, or recovery.

Waste Framework Directive (EU) – European law regulating textile waste, recycling, and extended producer responsibility.

Water Footprint – Freshwater used throughout a product’s lifecycle (e.g., cotton cultivation, dyeing, finishing).

Water-Repellent Finish – Surface treatment causing liquid to bead and roll off without full waterproofing, while maintaining breathability.

Waterless Processes – Dyeing or finishing methods (e.g., CO₂ dyeing, digital application) that reduce or eliminate water use.

Waterproof Membrane – Thin, laminated film (e.g., Gore-Tex®) making fabrics both waterproof and breathable.

Wax Finish – Wax coating (often on cotton canvas) providing water resistance, durability, and a distinctive patina.

Waybill (Sea/Air) – Non-negotiable transport document detailing goods movement.

Wear Test / Field Trial – Multi-wash or real-use testing to validate durability, comfort, and care claims.

Wearable Technology – Clothing or accessories embedding digital devices (e.g., fitness trackers, AR interfaces, smart textiles).

Wedges – Shoes with a wedge-shaped continuous sole.

Weft – Crosswise yarns interlaced with warp to form fabric.

Weft Knit – Knit fabric made with horizontally looping yarns, more stretchable and common in apparel.

Weft Insertion Machine – Equipment inserting crosswise yarns into woven fabrics.

Welded Seam – Seam joined by heat or ultrasonic bonding instead of stitching.

Wellbeing Programs – Workplace initiatives supporting employees’ mental and physical health.

Welt Pocket – Pocket set into a garment with narrow strips (welts) covering the opening for a tailored look.

Welt Pocket with Flap – Welt pocket covered with a flap.

Welt with Button – Welt pocket secured with a button.

Welt Seam – Decorative or durable seam, often used in tailored garments.

Western Influence – The historic dominance of Euro-American fashion trends shaping global styles.

Wet Processing – Textile processes involving water and chemicals (e.g., dyeing, printing, finishing).

WGSN – Leading fashion and lifestyle trend forecasting service.

Whip Stitch – Simple overhand stitch looping around fabric edges, used decoratively or to prevent fraying.

White Label – Generic products manufactured for rebranding and resale by multiple companies.

White-Glove Delivery – Premium service with careful handling, setup, or try-on at customer homes.

Wholesale – Selling goods in bulk to retailers/distributors at lower prices, not directly to consumers.

Wicking – Fabric’s ability to draw moisture away from the body and spread it for evaporation.

Wide-Leg Pants – Trousers cut wide from hip or thigh down to hem, creating a loose silhouette.

Wide-Brim Hat – Hat with a broad brim, providing sun protection and style.

Windbreaker – Lightweight jacket or fabric designed to resist wind and light rain, typically synthetic.

Window Display – Storefront showcase designed to attract consumer attention.

WIP (Work in Progress) – Garments or products at intermediate stages of production.

Wool Count / Worsted Count – Numbering system measuring wool fineness; higher counts = finer fibres.

Work Instruction (WI) – Step-by-step document with visuals for performing a task.

Work Study (Industrial Engineering) – Analysis of time and motion to optimise efficiency.

Worker Wellbeing Index – Assessment metric for workplace safety, health, and satisfaction.

Worker-Driven Social Responsibility (WSR) – Binding agreements between workers and brands to enforce rights and protections in supply chains.

Working Capital – Funds available for daily operations, calculated as current assets minus current liabilities.

Working Hours Compliance – Regulatory adherence to limits on overtime, rest, and maximum hours.

Workplace Harassment Policies – Guidelines protecting employees from discrimination, abuse, or harassment.

Workplace Safety Standards – Protocols and compliance systems preventing accidents (aligned with OSHA, ILO, etc.).

World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) – UN agency overseeing global intellectual property treaties.

WPI (Wraps per Inch) – Yarn measurement method: number of wraps around a 1-inch area indicates yarn thickness.

WPI Tolerance – Acceptable variation range in WPI ensuring consistency.

WR / WP (Water-Repellent / Waterproof) – Industry shorthand for fabric water-resistance levels.

WRAP (Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production) – Certification ensuring lawful, humane, and ethical manufacturing practices.

Wrap Dress – Dress style overlapping across the front, fastening at the waist to create a V-neckline and adjustable fit; popularised by Diane von Fürstenberg in the 1970s.

Wrap Neckline – Neckline formed by overlapping fabric diagonally across the chest.

Wrap Skirt – Skirt style wrapping around the waist and fastening at the side.

Wrapped Knit – Knit construction incorporating wrapped or twisted yarns for added texture or durability.

Wrinkle Resistance / Wrinkle-Resistant Finish – Fabric property or chemical treatment reducing creasing during wear or after laundering.

Wristlet – Small pouch or clutch with a strap looped around the wrist.

WWD (Women’s Wear Daily) – Fashion industry trade journal covering business, retail, and design news.

X

X-Factory Date: Confirmed date when goods leave the factory.

XRF Screening: Testing technique detecting restricted metals in trims.

Y

Y2K Aesthetic – Early 2000s fashion trend characterised by metallics, crop tops, low-rise jeans, shiny fabrics, and futuristic styling.

Yarn Blend – A textile yarn made by combining two or more fibres to balance desired properties such as strength, softness, elasticity, or durability.

Yarn Blend Spec – A defined fibre mix ratio (e.g., 60% cotton / 40% polyester).

Yarn Count – Numerical system indicating yarn fineness or thickness; higher counts usually mean finer yarns (includes wool/worsted count systems).

Yarn Twist – Measurement of how tightly fibres are twisted in yarn, influencing strength, elasticity, and fabric hand.

Yarn Dyeing – Colouring yarns before knitting or weaving (methods include skein dyeing, package dyeing, or space dyeing).

Yarn Layout – Arrangement or distribution of yarn types, blends, or colours within a fabric structure.

Yield – Fabric utilisation measure; the amount of fabric required to make a garment. Fabric/Marker Yield – Efficiency measure: number of garments cut from a given fabric length or width.

Youth-Driven Fashion – Trends originating from youth subcultures that influence and spread into mainstream fashion.

YOY / MTD / WoW – Common business performance comparisons: Year-on-Year, Month-to-Date, and Week-on-Week.

Z

Z Twist / S Twist – Yarn twist directions: Z Twist – Fibers twisted to the right, slant resembling the letter “Z.”, S Twist – Fibers twisted to the left, slant resembling the letter “S.” Affects yarn strength, drape, and fabric appearance.

ZDHC (Zero Discharge of Hazardous Chemicals) – Global initiative and framework for eliminating hazardous chemicals in textile and apparel production.

ZDHC MRSL Compliance – Conformance to the ZDHC Manufacturing Restricted Substances List, ensuring restricted chemicals are excluded from processes.

Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) – Effluent treatment system that recycles all wastewater, eliminating liquid discharge into the environment.

Zero-Waste Design – Design and pattern-cutting methods that eliminate or minimize fabric off-cut waste.

Zero-Waste Pattern Cutting – Specific pattern-making technique ensuring no fabric is wasted during cutting.

Zipper – A fastening device consisting of interlocking teeth or coils opened and closed by a slider.

Zipper Closure – General term for garment or pocket openings secured with a zipper.

Zipper Fly – A zipper used in trousers or skirts, typically concealed behind a placket.

Zipper Types – Coil, Vislon (plastic molded), and Metal, chosen for weight, durability, and aesthetics.

Zippered Pocket – A pocket secured with a zipper closure.

Zoning – Organisation technique with two main contexts: Retail Zoning – Dividing store space into categories (e.g., men’s, women’s, accessories) for optimised flow. Garment Fit Zoning – Strategic variation of fabric stretch or construction in different garment areas to enhance performance, support, or comfort.